2016年高考第二轮复习英语山东版
四、介词和介词短语
真题试做
1.(2011山东高考,30)I'm sorry I didn't phone you,but I've been very busy ______ the past couple of weeks.
A.beyond B.with
C.among
D.over
2.(2009山东高考,33) It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot ______ easy reach.
A.near
B.upon
C.within
D.around
考向分析
1.考查常用介词和介词短语的基本用法。从历年全国及各省市高考题中可看出,介词类考题常集中于一些常用介词,如at,in,for,from,to,of,on,with,until,about,by,since,as,around等。
2.考查常用介词或介词短语含义和用法的辨识能力。尤其是在一定的语言环境中,辨析意义相同或相近以及使用范围不同的介词或介词短语。
3.考查介词与某些名词、形容词或动词的各种搭配形式。特别是那些搭配繁多、用法灵活的介词,不同的搭配可用来表示种种不同的意义。
热点例析
考点一:表示时间的介词
1.in,on,at,over
(1)in表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如:
in the 1950s,in 1989,in summer,in January,in one's thirties等。
(2)on表示具体的某一天及其早、中、晚。如:
on May 1st,on Monday,on a cold night in January,on a fine morning等。
(3)at表示在一个时间点上。指某一时刻或较短暂的时间,也泛指圣诞节,复活节等。如:
at 3:20,at this time of year,at Christmas,at night,at this moment等。
(4)over后面接一段时间,表示“超过……”或“在……期间”。 如:
David Crum,the CEO of Geldart Software,announced that the corporation would open three branches in Bangkok over the next several months.
(5)在last,next,this,that,some,every等词之前一律不用介词。如:
He went to Japan last year.
We meet every day.
2.in,after
(1)“in+一段时间”表示将来的一段时间之后。如:
My mother will come back in three or four days.
(2)“after+一段时间”表示过去的一段时间之后。如:
He arrived after five months.
(3)“after+具体时间”表示将来或过去的某一时刻之后。如:
She will appear after five o'clock this afternoon.
The rain began to fall after seven.
3.from,since,for
(1)from后接具体时间,说明从什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久。如:
I hope to do morning exercises from today.
(2)since后接具体过去时间,表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。如:
We have not seen each other since 2010.
(3)for后接一段时间,通常与完成时连用。如:
I have been
in the army for 5 years.
【典例分析】 He invited me to a dance after the show ______ Christmas Eve.
A.at
B.on
C.in
D.by
答案为B项。具体的日期前介词应用on。
They had a pleasant chat ______ a cup of coffee.
A.for
B.with
C.during
D.over
答案为D项。for和during都有“在……期间”之意,但后面通常接时间;with意为“随着,用”;over意为“在(做)……期间,边……边……”。句意:他们边喝咖啡边进行了友好的交谈。
考点二:表示地点方位的介词
1.at,in,on,to
(1)at表示在小地方或“在……附近;在……旁边”。 如:
He arrived at the station at ten.
He is sitting at the desk.
(2)in表示在大地方或“在……范围之内”。 如:
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
Shandong lies in the east of China.
(3)on表示毗邻或接壤。如:
Russia lies on the north of China.
(4)to表示“在……范围外”,不强调是否接壤。如:
Japan is to the east of China.
2.above,over,on
(1)above意为“在……上方”,只表示位置高于某物但不强调是否垂直,与 below相对。如:
The bird is flying above my head.
(2)over意为“在……之上”,表示垂直高于,与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。如:
There is a bridge over the river.
(3)on意为“在……之上”,表示在某物体上面并与之接触。如:
He put his watch on the desk.
3.below,under
(1)below表示“在……之下”,不一定在正下方。如:
Please write your name below the line.
(2)under表示“在……正下方”。 如:
There is a cat under the table.
【典例分析】 (2012辽宁高考,27)The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place
______ the main road at the far end of the lake.
A.to
B.for
C.off
D.out
答案为C项。句意:威尔酒店坐落于湖的彼岸远离主干道的一个僻静之处。此处off表示“离开,在……之外”。
考点三:表示运动方向的介词
1.across,through
(1)across表示从物体表面穿过,与on有关。如:
across the playground/square/desert/river
(2)over表示动作是在空中进行的。如:
He jumped over the wall.
(3)through表示从物体里面穿过,与in有关。也可表示时间,指“(从开始到结束)经历了……”。如:
through the pipe/forest/door
We work hard all through the year.
2.in,into
(1)in通常表示静态,意为“在……里面”。如:
We walked in the park.我们在公园里走着。
(2)into通常表示动态,意为“进入到……里面”。如:
We walked into the park.我们走进了公园。
【典例分析】 (2012北京高考,34)Do you think this shirt is too tight ______ the shoulders?
A.at
B.on
C.to
D.across
答案为D项。句意:你认为这件衬衣的肩宽是不是有点紧? across意为“横跨,在(身体某部位)上”。
考点四:表示原因的介词
1.for表示原因时,常与sorry,famous,punish,praise,thank,blame等词连用。如:
I am sorry for what I said to you.
2.at表示引起某种情感变化的原因,常与表示看、听或喜、怒、吃惊的词连用,意为“因听到或看到……而……”。如:
He was surprised at the news.
3.from常接抽象名词表示自然、间接或外在的原因,如受伤、车祸等。如:
He died from the wound.
4.of多用于表示自身或内在的原因,如病、饿等。如:
The old man died of hunger.
5.with指生理上或情感上由外界到内心的原因。如:
Hearing the news,he jumped with joy.
He was shaking with anger.
6.by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。如:
She took your umbrella by mistake.她错拿了你的雨伞。
7.over 一般用于 cry,weep,laugh 等带有感情色彩的动词后,表示所发生的事情的原因。如:
She wept over the death of her daughter.
We laughed over the victory.
8.because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如:
He retired last month because of his illness.
9.thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因,常意为“幸亏……,多亏……”。如:
Thanks to John,we won the game.
【典例分析】 When we heard the news that Beijing Basketball Team has won the final,we sang and danced ______ joy.
A.to
B.with
C.at
D.of
答案为B项。该题应用with表示由于高兴而又唱又跳。with表示原因时,一般指由于外界而影响到内部的原因。
(2012河北保定调研,13)—How about your trip to Italy?
—Oh,______ the fine weather,we enjoyed ourselves indeed.
A.but for
B.thanks to
C.in spite of
D.because of
答案为B项。句意:——你到意大利的旅行怎么样? ——哦,幸亏天气好,我们玩得很愉快。B项意为“幸亏,由于”,符合句意。but for表示“要不是……”;in spite of表示“尽管……”;because of表示“因为……”,都与句意不符。
考点五:表示计量的介词
1.at表示“以……速度;以……价格”。如:
It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour.
I sold my car at a high price.
2.for表示“用……交换;以……为代价”。如:
He sold his car for 500 dollars.
注意:at表示单价,for表示总钱数。
3.by表示“以……计”,后跟度量单位。如:
They paid him by the month.
注意:by后接具体度量单位要加the。
【典例分析】 He thought the jar made of earth ______ little value and let me have it ______ only one dollar.
A.with;for
B.of;for
C.of;by
D.with;by
答案为B项。第一个空应用of,of little value/importance/use意为“没大有价值、重要性、用处”;第二个空应用for,表示“以一美元为代价,用一美元交换”。
考点六:表示工具或手段的介词
1.by意为“用某种方式”,后面的名词不带冠词。如:
I went there by bus.
2.with表示“用某种工具”,后面的名词需带冠词。如:
He broke the window with a stone.
3.in表示“用”时,后面的宾语不带冠词,且多为铅笔、墨水、颜色、语言等。如:
I hate letters written in pencil.
We will never forget this historical lesson written in blood.
4.on表示“以……方式”,多用于固定词组。如:
They talked on the telephone.
She learns English on the radio/on TV.
【典例分析】 The form is very important.Please fill in the form ______ ink not ______ a pencil,Jack.
A.in;by
B.with;in
C.in;with
D.by;in
答案为C项。第一个空应用in表示“用墨水”;第二个空应用with表示“用……工具”,后面的名词带有冠词。
考点七:表示“在……之间”的介词
1.between表示在两者之间。如:
You are to sit between your father and me.
2.among表示在三者或三者以上之间。如:
He is always happy among his classmates.
3.有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,但强调多者中的两两关系时用between。如:
Switzerland lies between France,Italy,Austria and Germany.
Pay attention to the relationship between the sentences in your composition.
【典例分析】 Four Chinese models were ______ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition.
A.among
B.between
C.along
D.beside
答案为A项。Four Chinese models是部分,the 14 people是整体,所以选among意为“在……之中”。
考点八:表示“除了”的介词
1.besides表示“除……之外,还有……”。如:
We all went to see the film besides you.
除你之外我们也都去看电影了。
2.except表示“除……外,把……除去”。 如:
We all went to see the film except you.
除你之外我们都去看电影了。
3.but与except同义,但多用于不定代词no one/nobody/nothing/everything/all和副词nowhere/anywhere以及疑问代词who之后。如:
I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.
4.except for表示“如无……就……,只是……”,多表明理由细节。如:
His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.
5.except that表示“除……外,把……除去”,后面接句子。如:
I know nothing about him except that he is from Beijing.
6.apart from在不同的上下文中,既有besides的含义,又有except和except for的含义,要根据上下文来判别。如:
Apart from/Besides English,he has a good command of Russian and French.
He has no interests,apart from/except his work.
It's a good paper,apart from/except for a few spelling mistakes.
【典例分析】 Some people choose jobs for other reasons ______ money these days.
A.for
B.except
C.besides
D.with
答案为C项。句意:如今一些人选择工作时,除了钱的原因还有其他原因。besides表示“除……之外,还有……”;except表示“除……外,把……除去”。
(2012济南一中期末,23)______ good service,the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Shandong Cuisine.
A.Far from
B.Regardless of
C.Instead of
D.Apart from
答案为D项。far from意为“远离,远非”;apart from意为“除……以外”;instead of意为“代替,而不是”;regardless of意为“不管,不顾”。句意:除了优质的服务外,这个饭店提供了不同种类的传统鲁菜。
考点九:介词与某些词类的习惯搭配
1.介词和名词搭配时的习惯用法
(1)名词+in:difference/interest/delight/progress/satisfaction/pride等。
(2)名词+to:attention/answer/key/visit/honour等。
(3)名词+on:attack/pity/mercy/congratulation等。
(4)名词+with:bargain/chat/common/connection/conversation/talk等。
2.介词和形容词搭配时的习惯用法
(1)与of搭配:afraid/careful/certain/sure/fond/full/ashamed/tired/proud/worthy等。
(2)与at搭配:angry/surprised/pleased/moved/good/clever/slow/terrified等。
(3)与in搭配:poor/rich/expert/successful/absorbed/interested/engaged/high/low/strict等。
(4)与about搭配:anxious/careful/certain/sure/sorry/worried/happy等。
(5)与to搭配:polite/equal/useful/necessary/strange/devoted/similar/next/kind/cruel/rude/ known/close等。
(6)与for搭配:anxious/eager/famous/known/fit/sorry等。
(7)与with搭配:busy/angry/strict/familiar/popular/satisfied/careful等。
(8)与from搭配:different/far/free/safe/absent/tired等。
(9)“It is+adj.+for/of sb. to do sth.”句型中,在形容词之后多用for短语,表示后面不定式的逻辑主语。但当是指性格、情感方面的形容词时,后面用of短语;常见的这类形容词有cruel/kind/good/clever/foolish/honest/nice/careful/careless/brave/polite/rude/wise/stupid/lazy等。如:
It's important for you to learn English well.
It's foolish of you to lie to the teacher.
【典例分析】 (2012江苏高考,29)—Thank God you're safe!
—I stepped back,just ______ to avoid the racing car.
A.in time
B.in case
C.in need
D.in vain
答案为A项。考查介词短语。in time意为“及时”;in case意为“以防,万一”;in need意为“需要”;in vain意为“徒劳,无益地”。句意:—感谢上帝,你没事。—我往后退了退,刚好及时地避开了赛车。
误区警示
1.近义介词的易错点
(2012全国高考,16)100
is the temperature ______ which water will boil.
A.for
B.at
C.on
D.of
【错混透析】B 由于本句中的which指代上文的100,所以应选at表示“在多少度,在这一点上”。受汉语意思的影响,该题易误选on。
【解题指导】
由于介词不能单独充当某一成分,所以一般不会单一考查介词,而更多的是融合在语境或句型中,符合单项填空题“在具体的语境中考查英语基础知识的运用”的命题思想。因此做题时不能孤立地局限于介词单方面的意义,而要全面理解试题的结构和句意,在此基础上仔细辨析,作出最佳选择。平时的学习中,要善于归纳、总结和积累,注意常用介词的基本用法和多义性,区别近义介词在不同的语境中的不同含义。
2.介词的常见搭配易错点
(2012陕西高考,11)An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are ______ it.
A.against
B.for
C.to
D.with
【错混透析】A 句意:达成协议似乎是不可能的,因为委员会的大部分人都反对。be against意为“反对,不赞成”;be for意为“同意,支持”。如果不能正确理解句意,可能会误选B项,如果不了解搭配,可能会误选C、D项。
【解题指导】
常用介词搭配在英语中极其丰富,意义复杂多变。同一个介词可以与不同的动词、名词或形容词搭配,表示不同的意思;反之,同一个动词、名词或形容词与不同的介词搭配,也表示不同的意思。掌握这些搭配,对夯实基础、提高英语水平大有裨益。要掌握这些搭配,关键是看平时的积累,首先要理解不同介词的含义,其次要注意观察、发现,并识记介词的各种搭配。
3.介词短语的易错点
(2012福建高考,26)China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals ______ all its citizens.
A.in charge of
B.for the purpose of
C.in honor of
D.for the benefit of
【错混透析】D in charge of意为“掌管,负责”;for the purpose of意为“为了……的目的”;in honor of意为“向……表示敬意,为纪念……”;for the benefit of意为“为了……的利益”。句意:为了全国人民的利益,中国一直推行公立医院的改革。该题造成误选的原因是没有掌握四个介词短语的不同含义。
【解题指导】
介词本身数量不多,但它与动词、形容词和名词等实词的搭配力极强,因此衍生出的词组让人有些“目不暇接”,高考对介词短语的考查频频出现。平时的学习中要注意识记一些介词短语的构成和意义,做题时结合句意作出选择。
1.(2012山东潍坊寿光现代中学一模,45) I know you have got a smooth tongue,so don't talk me ______ buying it.
A.away
B.down
C.out
D.into
2.(2012山东实验中学三模,28) Almost everybody has sensed that Dave cares most about money ______ the surface.
A.beneath
B.behind
C.under
D.below
3.A friend is not just someone ______ whom you say hello but a shoulder ______ which you can cry.
A.to;on
B.on;to
C.with;over
D.from;with
4.Tired,Jim was fast asleep with his back ______ a tree.
A.in
B.below
C.beside
D.against
5.It is said that Greece has decided to sell a small island ______ its coast to pay for the debts.
A.in
B.at
C.off
D.of
6.______ only 20 minutes to go before the train left,I felt uneasy in the taxi to the railway station.
A.For
B.With
C.As
D.Because
7.(2012山东淄博一模,34) It's ______ belief that parents have to spend nearly 500,000 yuan bringing up a child in China nowadays.
A.beyond
B.in
C.without
D.against
8.Between 2000 and 2010,the number of overseas visitors expanded ______ 27%.
A.by
B.for
C.to
D.in
9.Most Americans would prefer to keep their problems ______ themselves,and solve their problems ______ themselves.
A.to;by
B.by;to
C.for;to
D.in;on
10.(2012山东威海一模,34) Could you please introduce me to the person ______ this project?
A.in place of
B.in possession of
C.in terms of
D.in charge of
11.(2012山东淄博桓台二中月考,33) There won't be a good harvest of wheat in North China this year ______ the severe drought.
A.in spite of
B.apart from
C.due to
D.in case of
12.(2012山东烟台期末,31) This company has launched several types of cars this year,and one ______ appeals to the young.
A.in return
B.in particular
C.in addition
D.in turn
13.A huge amount of money has been spent ______ the new bridge.
A.in
B.on
C.with
D.for
14.(2012山东泰安期末,33) ______ my efforts at persuasion,he wouldn't agree.
A.Apart from
B.In spite of
C.Because of
D.In terms of
15. We'd better discuss everything ______ before we work out the plan.
A.in general
B.in detail
C.on purpose
D.on time
参考答案
四、介词和介词短语
命题调研·明晰考向
真题试做
1.D 考查介词辨析。beyond “超出”;with“具有,和……一起”;among “在……当中”;over “在……正上方,在……期间”。句意:很抱歉没给你打电话,我最近这几周一直都很忙。根据句意D项正确。over the last/past+一段时间“在过去的……里”,与现在完成时搭配使用。
2.C 考查介词的用法。within easy reach“在容易够到的地方;在……的附近”。句意“在厨房里,你要把常用的东西放到容易够到的地方,这样能节省时间”。
创新模拟·预测演练
1.D talk sb.into doing sth.意为“说服某人做某事”,其中into强调动态变化过程。
2.A beneath为书面用词,指“紧挨……之下”,与on相对;under为普通用词,指在某物的正下方,含垂直在下的意思,与over相对;below指位置低于某物或在某物下方,但不一定在正下方,所指范围较宽,与above相对;behind意为“在……之后”。句意:几乎每个人都感觉到了在表象之下戴夫最在意的是钱。
3.A say hello to sb.意为“向某人问好”,所以第一个空应选to,to whom引导定语从句修饰someone;第二个空应选on,on which引导定语从句修饰a shoulder,表示“在肩膀上”。
4.D 分析句式结构,可知with his back和后面的介词短语构成with复合结构。against a tree “靠着树,倚着树”。
5.C off意为“离……一些距离,离……不远的海上”。此处表示“离希腊海岸不远的一个小岛”。
6.B 该题应选with,表示“有”。
7.A beyond意为“超过,超出范围”,beyond belief表示“难以置信”。句意:在当今的中国,父母养育一个孩子需要花费近50万元,这真难以置信。
8.A by用来表示增减的幅度,所以答案为A项。to可表示增减的结果,意为“到……程度”。
9.A keep...to oneself意为“把……保守为秘密,不交际……”;by oneself意为“独自,单独地”。句意:大多数美国人更喜欢把问题藏在心底,由自己来解决这些问题。
10.D in place of意为“代替”;in possession of意为“拥有”;in terms of意为“在……方面,就……而言”;in charge of意为“负责,掌管”。根据句意判断应选D项,表示“负责这个项目的人”。
11.C A项意为“尽管,不管”;B项意为“除了”;C项意为“由于”;D项意为“以防”。根据句意判断应选C项表示原因,意为“由于大旱”。
12.B A项意为“作为回报,作为报答”;B项意为“特别是,尤其是”;C项意为“另外,加上”;D项意为“反过来”。根据句意判断应选B项,表示“其中一款汽车尤其吸引年轻人”。
13.B 本题考查固定结构“spend some money on sth.”的被动语态形式。
14.B A项意为“除了”;B项意为“尽管,虽然”;C项意为“因为”;D项意为“在……方面,就……而言”。句意:尽管我努力地劝说他,他还是不同意。
15.B A项意为“一般来说,通常”;B项意为“详细地”;C项意为“故意地”;D项意为“按时”。根据句意判断应选B项,表示“在我们实施计划之前我们最好详细地讨论每件事情”。
雅思口语Part1常用短语表习惯
雅思口语中常见错误整理
雅思口语话题大全
雅思口语范文自我介绍
雅思口语变化趋势
雅思口语中地道的英文表达
雅思口语标准考试流程
雅思口语考试八大注意事项
雅思口语考试的五个阶段
雅思口语低分原因分析
雅思口语考试形式
雅思口语满分攻略
雅思口语天天练接电话
雅思口语语音练习技巧
雅思口语范文ask yourself why
雅思口语如何拓展话题
每日雅思口语30句生气的表达
雅思口语必备机经
雅思口语句型模版
雅思口语必备句型
雅思口语考试八大禁忌
要想雅思口语拿高分必须突破的八大难关
雅思口语五大实用句型
雅思口语标准口音
每日雅思口语30句生气
快速提高雅思口语八大技巧
雅思口语Part1模版
雅思口语考试十六大必备话题总结
雅思口语范文分享天气
雅思口语考试的备考技巧
| 不限 |
| 英语教案 |
| 英语课件 |
| 英语试题 |
| 不限 |
| 不限 |
| 上册 |
| 下册 |
| 不限 |