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2016届高考英语二轮专题热点集训:专题7 情态动词和虚拟语气

发布时间:2017-01-19  编辑:查字典英语网小编

  专题七

  情态动词和虚拟语气

  【命题趋势探秘】

  命题规律 考查内容 情态动词 虚拟语气

  考查热度 ☆☆☆ ☆☆☆

  考查题型 语法填空,单项填空,完形填空,短文改错,书面表达 语法填空,单项填空,短文改错,书面表达

  所占分值

  3—5分 3-5分

  命题

  趋势

  1. 考查情态动词的试题一般出现在单项填空或语法填空试题中,利用语境考查情态动词的各种用法,特别是情态动词表推测和其他情感态度的用法。

  2. 高考试题对虚拟语气的考查主要出现在单项填空或语法填空试题中,有时在短文改错中也会出现相关知识的考查;书面表达中适时运用虚拟语气能有效提高文章的得分档次。主要考查:1)虚拟语气中的情态动词的运用;2)虚拟语气在名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句等相关句式中的运用;3)错综条件句的判断,以及主从条件句中从属连词if和should的省略等是高考重点。

  【高频考点聚焦】

  高考试题对情态动词的考查“忽冷忽热”,但一般来说考查情态动词的试题多属于基础题或中档题,难度不大,考查考生根据语境灵活运用情态动词的能力。通常从三个方面来考查考生对情态动词的运用:1)情态动词本身所表达的意义,比如表示请求、允诺、允许、必要性、禁止、命令等意义的情态动词,shall(用于二、三人称;表示允诺、威胁等),should表应该(劝告,建议等)责任、义务等;may表示可能性;will表示愿望,倾向性,习惯性等;2)情态动词表示推测意义的can/could/may/might/must/shall/should的运用,以及“情态动词+have done”的含义及用法;3) 情态动词在一些特殊句型中的特殊用法,以及情态动词后面省略形式的用法区别,如:I could与I could have(=I could have done)的区别。

  ◇考点1情态动词

  【基础知识梳理】

  一.can、could与be able to的用法

  1.表能力

  could, was/were able to表示过去的能力,can, is/am/are able to表示现在的能力,will be able to表示将来的能力;could have done表示本有能力做而没有做某事,“本可以做”;表示过去能够做并且做了某事用was/were able to。如:

  People can/could spell word in different ways which you might find interesting.人们能用你可能觉得很有趣的各种方式拼写单词。

  It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.我过了好久才开始完全理解他们为我做的那些事。

  另外,知觉动词如see, hear,feel等表示知觉不能用于进行时,此时用“can+知觉动词”表示进行的意义。如:

  I’m listening, but can’t hear anything.我在听,但什么都没听到。

  Can you hear me on the phone, Tom?汤姆,你在电话里能听到我的声音吗?

  2.表许可

  1)表示现在及将来的许可:问句中表示请求别人允许自己做某事可用can/could(could更委婉),答语表示自己允许对方做某事一般只用can不用could。如:

  —Could I use your pen for a while?我能用一会你的钢笔吗?

  —Yes, you can.好的。 (不可说could)

  2)表示过去的许可:表示一般性的许可,即表示某人随时可以做某事,用could;表示过去特定的允许不能用could,而用其他方式表达,比如用was/were able to, was/were allowed to。

  When I stayed at home, I could watch TV whenever I wanted to.我待在家的时候想看电视就能看。

  I was allowed to watch TV yesterday evening.昨天晚上我被允许看了电视。

  3.表推测

  1)表示对现在及将来的推测:表示对具体情况的判断推测时,can只能用于疑问句和否定句,一般不用于肯定句(肯定句用must),而could可用于肯定句、疑问句和否定句。

  It can’t/couldn’t be true.这肯定不是真的。

  What can they be doing at this moment?他们此时会在做什么呢?

  2)如果不是对具体情况的推测,而是表示理论上、习惯上可能会,此时肯定句中用can而不能用must。如:

  It can get very hot here.这里有时会很热。

  3)表示对过去的推测:用can/could+have done,此时can只能用于疑问句和否定句,不用于肯定句,而could没有这个限制。如:

  He could/can’t/couldn’t have gone home.他可能回家了/肯定没有回家。

  4.can的常见句式

  1)cannot/couldn’t but do sth禁不住……,情不自禁

  I cannot but admire her.我不由得对她产生了敬慕之情。

  2)can not/never…enough;can not/never…too越……越好;再……也不为过

  You can never be to careful with details.你越注意细节越好。

  3)cannot/couldn’t help doing sth忍不住做某事,不能停止做某事

  I couldn’t help hearing what you just said.我无意中听到了你刚才说的那些话。

  4)cannot help but do sth不禁做某事,不可能不做某事

  I couldn’t help but cry.我没法子,只是哭。

  二.

  may与might的用法

  1.表示允许

  1) 两者都可表示请求别人允许,might 的语气较委婉(但并不表示过去)

  May/Might I ask you some questions about the modern Olympics?我能问你几个关于现代奥运会的问题吗?

  2) 表允许别人做某事通常用 may而不用might

  —May/Might I stay? 我可以留下吗? (表请求,两者都能用)

  —Yes, you may. 可以。(表允许,不能用 might)

  【注】may 表示“允许”时针对现在或将来而言,若要表示已经给予或已经存在的允许,则通常用can。

  Nowadays, children can do what they like. 现在小孩子喜欢干什么就可以干什么。

  2.表推测

  1) might比may语气更不确定,表示的可能性更小;两者均可用于肯定句和否定句。

  He may/might know the answer. 他可能知道答案。

  Do you think he may/might not be able to pay? 你认为他可能会付不起钱吗?

  2) 在用法方面注意以下几点:

  形式 含义 例句

  may/might do 表示对现在或将来的推测 You may/might be right. 你可能是对的。

  may/might be doing 表示动作正在进行或将要发生 She may/might be waiting for us. 她可能在等我们。

  may/might have done 对过去可能发生的事或延续到现在的事表推测 They might have arrived by now.他们这会可能已经到了。

  might have done 表示过去某事可能发生而实际上却并没发生

  It was really very dangerous. I might have killed myself. 那真的是太危险了,我差点没命了。

  表示委婉的批评或责备 You might have made greater progress. 你的进步本来可更大一些的。

  3.can和may均可表示推测,can用于否定句和疑问句,may用于肯定句和否定式。两者均可用于否定句,但是含义不同:cannot“不可能”,may not“可能不”。比较:

  It can’t be true. 这不可能是真的。

  It may not be true. 这可能不是真的

  4.may的常见句式

  1)may as well do sth最好,满可以,倒不如(做某事);

  This is your last chance. You may as well take full advantage of it. 这是你最后一次机会,你最好好好利用。

  2)may well do sth完全能,很可能(做某事)

  We may well doubt if he’s told us the truth.我们有理由怀疑他是不是说了真话。

  3)may用于祈使句的开头,用may sb do sth表示祝愿。

  May you succeed.祝你成功!

  三.must与have to的用法

  1.must的用法

  1)表示义务、意图或建议:必须,应该

  You must go and see that film—you’d really enjoy it. 你得去看看那部电影,你会真的喜欢它的。(提建议)

  2)表示推测:必定,一定

  The light was out. They must have gone to bed. 灯都熄了,他们肯定睡了。

  注意:must只用于肯定句表示语气很强的推测,其否定式是can’t或couldn’t;若对过去情况的推测用must have done。

  3)表示主张:硬要,一定要

  If you must go, at least wait till the rain stops. 如果你坚持要走,至少也要等雨停了再走。

  The machine must break down at this busy hour. 正忙的时候机器偏偏坏了。

  4)表示不可避免性:必然要,必定会

  All men must die. 人总有一死。

  2.must与have to的比较

  must与have to都可以表示“必须”。

  (1) must 强调主观上认为“必须”做某事,而have to 强调客观上要求“不得不”做某事。

  You have to wear uniform on duty, don’t you?你在值班时必须穿制服,是吗?

  (2) have to较must有更多的时态,如一般过去式和将来时就要用had to与will have to。

  Yesterday morning I have to call on a friend. 昨天早上我必须要去探访一个朋友。(不用must)

  但在间接引语里却往往用must。

  Yesterday morning I told my father that I must call on a friend. 昨天早上我告诉父亲,我必须要探访一个朋友。

  (3)在回答must引起的问句时,如果是否定的答复,可用don’t have to或needn’t(不必) ,但不能用mustn’t(一定不,必须不,不允许,不得) 。

  —Must I clean the dining room at once? 我必须马上打扫餐厅吗?

  —Yes, you must. 是的,你必须马上打扫。

  —No, you don’t have to (=needn’t) . 不必啦。

  注意:must 常用来表示必要性,意为“必须”。表示现在或将来必须做某事用“must+动词原形”;表示现在或将来不必做某事时,用don’t have to do sth.或 don’t need to do sth.或needn’t do sth.;表示过去没必要做某事时,分为以下情况:①当表示过去没必要做某事,但事实上却做了,用needn’t have done sth.②当表示过去没必要做某事,而不涉及是否做,可用didn’t have to do sth.或didn’t need to do sth.或 It was not necessary to do sth.等。

  四.shall, should与ought to的用法

  1.shall的用法

  1)用作助动词,接动词原形构成将来时,一般用于第一人称表示一个将来的动作。

  I shall think it over and let you know my idea.我将考虑一下此事,然后告诉你我的想法。

  2)表示意愿或决心

  Unless our manager objects to Tom's joining the club, we shall accept him as a member. 除非经理反对汤姆加入俱乐部,不然我们一定会接受他成为其中一员。(高考例句)

  3)用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意愿。

  What a fine day! Shall we go picnicking?天气真好。我们去野餐好吧?(高考例句)

  4)用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示征求对方的意见或向对方请示,“要不要;……好吗?”

  Shall we take our swim-suits? 我们带着游泳衣好不好?

  5)用于第二、第三人称陈述句中表示说话者给对方的承诺、决心、警告、威胁等。

  Don’t worry. You shall have it by Friday. 别着急,星期五一定给你。(高考例句)

  6)表示不可避免的某事:一定

  That day shall come. 那一天总会来的。

  2.should的用法

  1)表示义务、责任、劝告或建议的“应该,应当”,可换用ought to

  You should try the barber’s where I go.你应该到我去的那家理发店去试试。 (高考例句)

  What should I keep in mind?我应该记住些什么呢?(教材例句)

  2)表示可能性或推测的“理应,应该”

  These burns are not serious and should feel better within a day or two. 这样的烫伤不严重,一两天就应该会感到好一些了。(教材例句)

  The train should have already left. 火车应该已经走了。

  3) 用于if、in case引导的状语从句或其他从句表示不太可能出现的情况,“万一,倘若”

  If I should go to Europe, I should see such things.如果我去欧洲,我会去看这些东西的。

  4)表示出乎意料之外的“居然,竟然”

  It’s strange that he should be late. 真奇怪,他竟会迟到。

  5)用于问句或感叹句表示惊奇、不同意或特别强调

  6)should后接动词时所用形式和含义

  形式 含义 例句

  should do 谈论现在或将来的情况 The photo should be ready then.那时照片应该已经准备好了。

  should be doing 谈论正在进行或即将发生的事,或表示“本该正在……” He should be working now.他现在应该在工作。

  Why are you here playing games when you should be sitting in the classroom?你现在本该正坐在教室里,为什么你在这里玩游戏?

  should have done

  指过去本该做但没做某事,否定句则正好相反 You shouldn’t have told him about it. 你本不该把这件事告诉他的。

  对延续到现在的情况的推测与估计,“按理说” They should have reached home by now.现在他们应该已经到家了。

  对已发生的动作加强语气,“居然,竟然会” It’s surprising that he should have been late for class this morning.今天早上他上学居然迟到了,真让人觉得惊讶。

  should have been doing 表示过去某事可能发生而实际上却并没发生 Why weren’t you helping Tom?You should have been helping him.你为什么没有帮汤姆?你应该一直帮他的。

  7)should用于虚拟语气的相关句式这里就不复赘述,见后面虚拟语气的相关内容。

  3.ought to的用法

  表示责任或义务、建议或劝告某人“应该”做某事,此时ought to的语气比should强。ought to还可指推测某事或某情况“应该”会发生,后面可接动词的一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式,表达的意思和上表should的用法相似。

  ought to的否定式是ought not to,其反义疑问句的构成用ought+主语构成。

  You ought to help him with the work, oughtn’t you?你应该帮助他,是不是?

  五.will与would的用法

  1. 表示意愿和决心,意为“愿意”,可用于条件句。will用于指现在的意愿,would用于指过去的意愿。如:

  If you allow me, I will see you to the station.如果你愿意,我送你到车站。

  条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来意义,但表示“意愿”的will和would有时可用于条件句中。如:

  If you will wait a moment, I’ll fetch the money. 如果你愿意等一下,我就取钱去。

  2.表示请求和委婉语气。可用Will/Would you please…?表示“请……好吗?”此时的would并不表示过去,而是为了使语气更委婉,回答时不用would。

  —Would you ask them to wait outside? 你可否请他们在外面等等?

  —OK, I will.好。

  为了使语气更客气、更委婉,有时可用won’t和wouldn’t这样的否定式。如:

  Won’t you take off your coat? 你要不要把大衣脱掉?

  Wouldn’t it be better to paint it green? 把它漆成绿色的会不会更好?

  用would比用will委婉,用否定的won’t和wouldn’t比用肯定的will和would要委婉——使用时应根据具体的语境选择合适的表达。

  3.will表示现在经常性、习惯性、倾向性、不可避免性的动作,would可表示过去同样的含义。如:

  She will keep herself shut in the room listening to her favorite music.她总是把自己关在房间里,听她喜欢的音乐。

  Accidents will happen.事故总是难免的。

  同属这种用法,won’t/wouldn’t表示“怎么也不,偏不”,如:

  I told him to stop talking, but he wouldn’t listen.我叫他停下来,但他就是不听。

  The car wouldn’t start this morning. 今天上午汽车发动不了。

  4.用来表示普遍真理和事物的自然属性。如:

  Water will boil at 100oC.水到摄氏100度就会沸腾。

  六.need与dare的用法

  1.need可用作实义动词和情态动词。

  1)need用作情态动词多用在疑问句和否定句中,在肯定句中一般作实义动词,但用作实义动词也可用于含有否定意义的句子中。如:

  I don’t think we need trouble about it.我看我们不必为这费事了。

  So we need to encourage our programmer to improve our intelligence too.所以我们有必要鼓励给我们编程序的人把我们也弄得更聪明一些。(教材例句)

  2)need接不定式的完成式可表示本来没必要做但做了某事,有时含有责备之意。如:

  You needn’t have woken me up. I don’t have to go to work today.你本来不必叫醒我,我今天不用上班。

  3)need作情态动词,其过去时还是need;实义动词need有数和时态的变化,构成疑问句和否定句要用do,有不定式、分词和过去式,后面接带to的不定式。如:

  One needs to have a visa to go to the US.要有签证才能去美国。

  4)need接动名词时用主动语态表被动含义,动名词与句子主语是逻辑上的动宾关系。如:

  The house needs repairing/to be repaired.这房子需要修缮。

  5)needn’t是must/have to的否定形式。

  2.dare

  1)作情态动词

  情态动词dare接动词原形,通常只用于否定句或疑问句以及if或whether之后,一般不用于肯定句,此时dare没有人称形式变化。如:

  She dare not say what she thinks.她不敢把她的想法说出来。

  【注】I dare say 是习惯说法(用于肯定句),表示不肯定的语气,“(我想)可能,(我想)是这样”

  I dare say (that) you are right. 我想你是对的。

  2)dare用作实意动词可以有各种词形变化,可用于各类句型(肯定句、否定句、疑问句及各类从句等),其后多接带 to 的不定式,有时 to 也可省去(尤其是在否定句或疑问句)。

  I wonder how he dares (to) say such things. 我纳闷他怎么竟敢说出这样的话来。

  Did he dare (to) tell her? 他敢告诉她吗?

  dare的过去式:情态动词dare可以有过去式dared,但也可以直接用dare表示过去式,或后接动词完成式。

  That was why he dared do so. 那就是他为什么敢这样做的原因。

  dare后通常不接动词的进行式。

  七.used to, had better, would rather的用法

  1.used to表示“过去经常、以前常常”,后面接动词原形,表示过去存在某种状态或者过去的某种经常性、习惯性的行为或者动作,并意味着这种动作目前已经不存在,所以它只能用一般过去时,不能用现在时态。

  1)陈述句的肯定形式:主语+used to+动词原形。

  2)否定形式:主语+didn’t+use to+动词原形。

  3)一般疑问句形式:Did+主语+use to+动词原形+其他?

  4)used to的状语可以用副词always,often,sometimes等,但是仍然是过去的习惯,不是指现在的习惯,所以不能用一般现在时。

  5)used to可以用在there be结构中表示“过去经常有”的意思。

  6)be used to doing something的意思是“习惯于做某事”,to的后面用动名词,它可以用现在、过去和将来等时态,be可以用get,become连系动词代替。

  2.had better

  1)had better接动词原形,构成否定式时,通常将not置于had better之后;而构成疑问式时,则通常将had置于主语之前;在否定疑问句或反意疑问句中可将not与had连用。

  What had we better do? 我们最好怎么办?

  Hadn’t we better go now? 我们是不是现在就去呢?

  2)had better 有时后接动词的进行式,表示最好马上做某事;也可接完成式,表示最好做完某事或本该做某事而未做某事。

  I think I’d better be going.我想我最好还是马上走。

  You had better have stayed here. 你本来应该呆在这儿的。

  3) had best与had better用法和含义均差不多,但不如had better普通。

  3.would rather

  1)含义:宁愿/可;更/最好,还是……为好:

  2)用法:常接动词原形,可省略为’d rather,表优先选择的一种方式。无人称、数、词性、时态变化,所有的人称情况均用would rather,表示在两者中取舍的“宁愿……而不愿……;与其……宁可……”时,则可用would rather…than…或would…rather than….,也可以颠倒为rather than…would…

  3)要注意“平行结构”,即在than 的前后要用两个同类的词或词组,如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介短等。would(rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式,若选同一动词那么than 后的动词可以省略。

  4)在疑问句式中,短语中的would要放在主语之前。

  5)would rather+从句,常用的虚拟语气句型谓语一般用过去时来表示现在或将来。引导从句的that常省略。在谈到过去的动作时,谓语则用过去完成时。

  八.“情态动词+have done”的用法一览表

  形式 含义 例句

  must have done 肯定/一定做了某事 You must have mistaken my intention. 你一定是误会了我的意图。

  can/could have done 本来能够;过去可能会做了某事 You could have helped me—why did you just sit and watch? 你本可帮助我的,为什么只坐在一旁瞧着?

  can/could not have done 肯定没有做某事 He can’t have left so soon. 他不可能走得这么早。

  may/might have done 也许/或许已经做了某事(一般用于肯定句和否定句,不用于疑问句) I might have come to a wrong conclusion. 我或许得出了错误的结论。

  should/ought to have done 本该做,实际上没做 I should have thought of it. 我本应想到这一点的。

  should/ought not to have done 本不该做而做了 You shouldn’t have taken pictures here, as it is not allowed.你不该在这里拍照的,这是不允许的。

  needn’t have done 本不必做而做了 You needn’t have mentioned it. 你没有必要提及此事的。

  had better (not) have done 当时最好做了(没有做) You had better not have scolded her.你当初不责备她就好了。

  would like/love to have done 过去愿意做而没有做某事 I’d like to have visited the Palace Museum last week.上周我本来要去故宫看看的。

  【核心考点讲练】

  1.must表推测结构种种

  情态动词表推测是高考试题情态动词的重要考点之一。

  must:表示语气强烈的肯定的推测,只能用在肯定句中,不能用于疑问句和否定句,有下面几种形式:

  1)must+动词原形(多为状态动词):对现在情况的推测

  I must be wrong.他我肯定是错了。

  She must know the man.她一定认识这个人。

  2)must+动词的进行式:表示动作正在进行,“肯定正在做某事”

  Mr Smith must be waiting for us.史密斯先生一定在等我们。

  She must be worrying about our safety.她一定在为我们的安全担心。

  3)must+动词的完成式:对已经发生的事情作推测,“肯定已经做了某事”

  He must have arrived by now.现在他一定到了。

  He must have read the letter.他一定读过这封信。

  4)must+动词完成进行式:表示对延续性动作的推测,“肯定一直在做某事”。

  Someone must have been using it, as the cover is off.准是一直有人在用它,盖子都取下来了。

  特别提醒:表示对具体情况的推测时,can不能用于肯定句中,但can可用在肯定句中表示笼统的推测,表示“有时会,可能会”。

  2.情态动词+be doing的用法

  1)推测或评论某动作是否正在进行

  He can't be working now.他不可能正在工作。

  We may be playing tennis at nine tomorrow.明天九点我们可能在打网球。

  2)表示“即将;将要”这类意思

  I must be going now.我现在必须走了。

  She may be leaving tomorrow.她可能明天离开。

  3)用来表示“总是做某事”

  If you really want yourself to be in good health, you must not always be smoking so much.

  如果你想要一个好的身体,就不该总是抽这么多烟。

  Why should you always be finding fault with me?怎么总是找我的岔子?

  【典例1】(2016·全国大纲)Although you _____ find bargains in London, it’s not generally a cheap place to shop.

  A. should

  B. need

  C. must

  D. can

  解析:句意:虽然你在伦敦可能会找到便宜货,但那通常不是一个购物便宜的地方。从语境可知,这里表示客观上的可能性,因此选D表示“可能”。

  答案:D

  【典例2】(2016·江西)Life is unpredictable; even the poorest __become the richest.

  A. shall

  B. must

  C. need D. might

  解析:句意:生活是不可预料的,甚至最穷的可能变成最富的。根据unpredictable可知,本文应该选择might表示“可能”。

  答案:D

  【技巧点拨】

  情态动词表推测时用must,may,might,may not和can't。这五个表达的语气依次递减:

  must:一定(语气肯定)

  may:也许(不很肯定)

  might:或许(比may语气更弱)

  may not:也许不(表否定)

  can't:一定不(must的反义)

  推测现在的事情用must,may,might,may not和can't+do或be

  注意:表推测的must,may,might,may not和can't是不可以与I think...连用。因为I think...已有推测的含义,故不能连用。

  ◇考点2

  虚拟语气

  【基础知识梳理】

  一.主从条件复合句中虚拟语气的运用

  1.虚拟语气在主从条件复合句中的运用

  主句 虚拟条件句 例句

  与现在事实相反的假设 主语+should/ would/could/ might+动词原形 If+主语+动词的过去式(be动词用were) If you tried hard, you would succeed. 你如果努力,你就会成功。

  与过去事实相反的假设 主语+should/would/ could/might+have done If+主语+had+过去分词 If he had followed my advice, he wouldn't have lost his job.要是听我的劝告,他就不会丢了工作。(高考例句)

  与将来事实相反的假设 主语+should/would/ could/ might+动词原形 1. If+主语+动词过去式(be用were) I would be grateful if you could give me some advice. 如果您能给我提些建议,我会非常感谢的。(教材例句)

  2.If+主语+were to+动词原形(were to表示可能性) If you were to fall in, you would freeze in less than two minutes.万一你掉进去了,那么不到两分钟你就会冻僵了。(教材例句)

  3. If+主语+should+动词原形 If you should want to go by bus, that would suit me fine. 你要是想坐公共汽车去, 那对我很方便。

  对虚拟语气的以上三种情况,请注意以下几点:

  1)条件从句的谓语动词为be时,不管其主语是单数还是复数通常最好用were,尤其是在if I were you这样的表达中。

  2)有时条件从句用would表示意愿或礼貌。如:

  If you would have a thing well done, you must do it yourself.如果你要把一件事做好,就必须自己去做。

  3) 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,被称为“错综时间条件句”,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。如:

  If you had followed my advice just now,you would be better now.如果你刚才听了我的建议。现在就会觉得更舒服一些了。

  4)if从句的省略

  在条件句中可省略if,把were、had、should提到句首,变为倒装句式。如:

  If I were at school again,I would study harder.我要是能再去上学,我就会更加刻苦的。

  →Were I at school again,I would study harder.

  注意:若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时,不能用动词的缩略形式。

  2. 含蓄虚拟语气

  含蓄虚拟语气指将虚拟条件隐含在上下文一定的短语中,句子使用虚拟语气。

  1)用介词短语及副词代替条件句,比如otherwise, without, but for, except for, in the absence of等。如:

  He wouldn't have behaved himself in the absence of his father.要是他爸爸不在场,他就不会表现这么好了。

  2)将条件隐含在but, or, otherwise,though等连词中,用“虚拟句+but+陈述句、陈述句+or/ otherwise +虚拟句、陈述句+though+虚拟句”。如:

  I had intended to visit you, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本打算去拜访你的,可是家里来了不速之客。(but=if I hadn’t had an unexpected visitor)

  3)用分词(短语)代替条件句。如:

  Given more attention, the tree could have grown better.假如给于更多照料,这棵树就会长得更好的。

  4)用不定式(短语)代替条件句。如:

  Your wife wouldn’t be pleased to hear you say that.你妻子听到你这样说会不高兴的。

  = Your wife wouldn’t be pleased if she heard ou say that.

  5)用形容词及比较级或用形容词及其比较级修饰的名词词组代替含蓄条件句。如:

  Alone, he would have been terrified.如果单独一人,他会感到害怕的。

  = If he had been alone, he would have been terrified.

  6)有时用一个名词(短语)代替含蓄条件句。如:

  One mistake could have resulted in a huge loss.哪怕是一个小错误也会导致巨大的损失。

  7)用独立主格结构代替含蓄条件句。如:

  All things considered, the price would be reasonable.如果通盘考虑的话,这个价格就合理了。

  =If all things were considered, the price would be reasonable.

  8)用定语从句或but that引导名词从句代替含蓄条件句。如:

  Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.任何人处于你的位置都会这样做的。

  9)用“情态动词+完成式”暗示虚拟语气。如:

  I should have called to make an appointment, but I didn’t.我本该打个电话预约的,可我没有。

  【核心考点讲练】

  虚拟语气在名词从句中的运用

  1. wish+虚拟语气的宾语从句

  1)从句动作发生在wish之前,从句谓语用过去完成时或“would/could have done”

  2) 从句表示与wish同时存在的状态或动作,从句用一般过去时或过去进行时

  3)发生在wish之后的愿望,从句用would/could+动词原形

  I wish I could have helped him yesterday. (与过去事实相反的愿望)

  I wish I could help you. (与现在事实相反的愿望)

  At that moment, I wished that he could tell me the truth. (与现在事实相反的愿望)

  2.suggest, insist等动词+that引导宾语从句的虚拟语气

  当主句谓语是表示建议、安排、愿望等没有实现的动作时,that引导的宾语从句用“(should+)动词原形”。常见的此类动词有:

  advise,arrange,demand,insist,order,require,recommend,suggest等。如:

  We advised that they (should) start early. 我们建议他们应该及早开始。

  使用中要注意:

  1) insist接that引导的宾语从句时,insist可表示“坚持要求(做某事)”,此时宾语从句用虚拟语气;也可表示“硬说,坚持认为(某一事实)”,此时宾语从句用陈述语气;suggest可表示“建议”,此时宾语从句用虚拟语气表示建议要做某事;也可表示“表明;暗示(某一事实)”,此时后面that引导的宾语从句则用陈述语气。如:

  Catherine came home happily, which suggested that she had passed the final exam. 凯萨琳快乐地回到家中,这表明她期末考试及格了。

  2)注意下面这些变化的句式中,从句还是要用“(should+)动词原形”:

  ①it is/was suggested/advised/insisted, etc that+主语从句,从句用“(should+)动词原形”;

  ②it is/was sb’s advice/suggestion/decision/order/arrangement/idea,etc, that+同位语从句中,从句用“(should+)动词原形”;

  ③sb’s/the advice/suggestion/decision/order/arrangement/idea,etc. is/was that+表语从句中,从句用“(should+)动词原形”;

  ④the advice/suggestion/decision/order/arrangement/idea,etc. that+同位语从句中,从句用“(should+)动词原形”;

  ⑤疑问词如what/why, etc. do/does/did sb suggest/advise/decide, etc +句子其他成分,谓语用“(should+)动词原形”

  如:

  Why do you suggest we buy a new machine?你为什么建议我们买一台新机器呢?(高考例句)

  Our English teacher made a suggestion that the English test be put off until next Wednesday.我们的英语老师提议把英语考试推迟到下周三。

  3. would rather+(that)宾语从句

  在这个结构中,宾语从句用虚拟语气,用一般过去时表示现在及将来的愿望,用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。如:

  Little Tom broke a window in our class. I would rather he hadn’t done that. 小汤姆把班上的窗户打破了,我真希望他没有那样做。

  I’d rather you didn’t get involved in the case.我希望你不要卷入这件事。

  4. 用虚拟语气的主语从句

  “it is/was+形容词+that+主语从句”中,从句用“should+动词原形”,偶尔只用动词原形,根据句意的需要也可用“should have done”。这些形容词常见的有essential(必需的,基本的), advisable(可取的,明智的), important, natural, necessary, possible, strange, proper, appropriate等。

  It is necessary that he (should)be sent to hospital at once.有必要马上送他去医院。

  It’s natural that she (should) do so.她那样做是很自然的。

  【典例1】(2016·湖南)If Mr. Dewey _____ present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.

  A. were B. had been G. should be D. was

  解析:句意:要是杜威先生当时在场的话,他就会给那里的人提供可能的帮助的。根据本句中的he would have offered可知,这里是对过去情况的一种虚拟,所以从句应该使用过去完成时,因此选B。

  答案:B

  【典例2】(2016·重庆)It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I____ it?

  A. had done B. have done C. did

  D. am doing

  解析:句意:是约翰打破了窗户,你们为什么跟我说话的口气就像是我做的这件事一样呢?本题考查as if引导的方式状语从句表示虚拟的用法,由于从句所表示的动作break the window发生在主句的动作are talking to me之前,故应该用过去完成时来表示虚拟。

  答案:A

  【技巧点拨】虚拟语气在其他句子结构中的运用

  1. if only后接的句子用虚拟语气

  If only用来表示愿望或某一没有实现的条件,尤其用于感叹句,表示目前较难实现的愿望时用“if only+主语+过去时”或“if only+主语+could/would do/be”结构;表示与过去事实相反的愿望时用“if only+主语+过去完成时”或“if only+主语+could have done/been”。

  If only I hadn’t said those words to him.要是我没有对他说那些话就好了。

  If only you would listen to the reason!但愿你能听听原因!

  2.as if/as though引导的表语从句或状语从句用虚拟语气

  1)与现在事实相反:谓语用一般过去时

  2)与过去事实相反:谓语用过去完成时

  3)将来不太可能实现:would/might/could+动词原形

  It seemed as if the world was at an end!世界似乎到了末日!(教材例句)

  It looked as though the creature had moved!那个动物好像动了动。

  特别提醒:从句表达的内容如果是事实或可能是事实,往往用陈述语气。如:

  What’s the noise? It sounds as if it comes from upstairs. 这是什么声音?听起来好象是楼上传来的。(高考例句)

  3. it’s (about/high) time (that)后接的从句用虚拟语气

  It’s high time that we brought the discussion to an end.我们该结束讨论了。

  It’s time that you bought a new car.你该买辆新车了。

  专题热点集训7 情态动词和虚拟语气

  (45分钟)

  I. 单项填空

  1.(2015·北京)—Can't you stay a little longer?

  —It's getting late. I really ________ go now. My daughter is home alone.

  A. may

  B. can

  C. must

  D. dare

  2.(201·天津)A. mightn't

  B. mustn't

  C. needn't

  D. couldn't

  3.(201·天津)A. will be

  B. would be

  C. have been

  D. had been

  4.(201·重庆) Without his wartime experiences,Hemingway ________ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.

  A. didn't write

  B. hadn't written

  5.(201·重庆) You ________ be Carol. You haven't changed a bit after all these years.

  A. must

  B. can

  C. will

  D. shall

  6.(2015·江苏) It might have saved me some trouble ________ the schedule.

  A. did I know

  B. have I known

  C. do I know

  D. had I known

  7.(201·福建) —Sorry,Mum! I failed the job interview again.

  —Oh,it's too bad. You ________ have made full preparations.

  A. must

  B. can

  C. would

  D. should

  8.(2016·陕西) We would rather our daughter ________ at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.

  A. would stay

  B. has stayed

  C. stayed

  D. stay

  9.(2016·重庆)—It rained cats and dogs this morning. I’m glad we took an umbrella.

  —Yeah, we would have got wet all even if we_________.

  A. hadn’t B. haven't C. didn't D. don't

  10.(2016·福建)—Do you think George has passed the driving test?

  —No. If so, he _____ his car to our college yesterday.

  A. would drive B. drove C. would have driven D. had driven

  II. 完形填空

  (2015·北京)阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A, B, C和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

  A Welcome Gift

  Dario and his mother loved their new apartment. The living room was large enough for their piano. That night,the two of them __11__ side by side at the piano. They played jazz music to celebrate their new home. The loud __12__ filled the room and made them feel very happy.

  The next morning,__13__,their happiness disappeared. Someone had left a __14__ under their door during the night. One of their neighbors had written to complain(抱怨) about the sound of the piano. Dario's mother asked the building superintendent(管理员) if he knew anything about it. But he said that they were all __15__ people and he couldn't imagine any of them had done that. Later that morning,Dario suggested that they write a letter to their __16__ and apologize for their playing.

  “Maybe we could go and __17__ everyone in person.” his mother said.

  “What if we invited them to come here for a __18__ instead?” Dario asked.

  They both loved the __19__. Over the next few days,they sent out invitations and prepared desserts __20__ their guests. They decorated the apartment with streamers(彩带) and party lights.

  Finally,the day of the party __21__. Some guests brought presents. Others brought flowers. Some even brought desserts to __22__. One woman,Mrs.Gilbert,__23__ Dario's mother with a book of piano music by Chopin.

  “I heard you playing the other night,” she said. “The sounds woke me out of bed. I __24__ that you might play like this every night. So I wrote a short note. I hope you don't think I disliked the playing.”

  Dario's mother smiled at Mrs.Gilbert. “I think maybe we __25__ you an apology.” she said. “I didn't __26__ how late it was when we were playing. Maybe we should play some quieter music at night.”

  “You play,you play!” Mrs. Gilbert said. “I like what you play! Just not so loud at night.” She pointed to the book she had given them. “These songs are not such __27__ music.”

  “These songs are beautiful music.” Dario's mother said. “We will be __28__ to play them in the evening.”

  “And we won't play so loud or late!” Dario said. He was already looking forward to __29__ the new music. More than that,however,he was happy to see the big smile on his mother's face. It gave him a feeling of _30__ and made him feel that they were home at last.

  11. A. sat

  B. stood

  C. lay

  D. walked

  12. A. voice

  B. ring

  C. music

  D. cry

  13. A. therefore

  B. however

  C. otherwise

  D. instead

  14. A. note

  B. poster

  C. bill

  D. report

  15. A. proud

  B. rich

  C. lucky

  D. nice

  16. A. neighbors

  B. friends

  C. relatives

  D. audiences

  17. A. blame

  B. instruct

  C. question

  D. visit

  18. A. party

  B. concert

  C. show

  D. play

  19. A. experience

  B. idea

  C. performance

  D. action

  20. A. to

  B. with

  C. for

  D. from

  21. A. continued

  B. arrived

  C. passed

  D. finished

  22. A. order

  B. sell

  C. share

  D. advertise

  23. A. treated

  B. presented

  C. helped

  D. served

  24. A. promised

  B. admitted

  C. agreed

  D. worried

  25. A. give

  B. send

  C. offer

  D. owe

  26. A. realize

  B. remember

  C. understand

  D. accept

  27. A. sweet

  B. strange

  C. funny

  D. loud

  28. A. brave

  B. sorry

  C. happy

  D. afraid

  29. A. changing

  B. practicing

  C. recording

  D. writing

  30. A. equality

  B. freedom

  C. warmth

  D. sympathy

  III. 阅读理解

  (2015·上海)er is said to be.

  31. According to the passage,why did snowmen become a phenomenon in the Middle Ages?

  A. People thought of snow as holy art supplies.

  B. People longed to see masterpieces of snow.

  C. Building snowmen was a way for people to express themselves.

  D. Building snowmen helped people develop their skill and thought.

  32. “The heyday of the snowman”(paragraph 4)means the time when________.

  A. snowmen were made mainly by artists

  B. snowmen enjoyed great popularity

  C. snowmen were politically criticized

  D. snowmen caused damaging floods

  33. In Zurich,the blowing up of the Boogg symbolizes ________.

  A. the start of the parade

  B. the coming of a longer summer

  C. the passing of winter

  D. the success of tradesmen

  34. What can be concluded about snowmen from the passage?

  A. They were appreciated in history.

  B. They have lost their value.

  C. They were related to movies.

  D. They vary in shape and size.

  IV. 微写作

  (2015·北京)

  假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序,介绍在“传统文化进校园”活动中,向面人艺术家学习捏面人的过程,并以“A Day with a Craftsman”为题,给校刊“英语角”写一篇英文稿件。

  注意: 词数不少于 60。

  提示词: 一个面团 a piece of dough

  面人 dough figurine

  ________________________________________________________________________

  ________________________________________________________________________

  ________________________________________________________________________

  ________________________________________________________________________

  ________________________________________________________________________

  ________________________________________________________________________

  专题热点集训7

  情态动词和虚拟语气

  参考答案与解析

  I. 单项填空

  1. C

  句意:——你不能再多待会了吗?——太晚了。我真的必须得走了,我的女儿自己在家呢。故选C。

  2. C

  句意:我在来新学校之前原本不必担心的,因为我在这儿的同班同学待我非常好。mightn't have done过去可能没有发生某事;must与完成时连用只用于肯定句式中,不用于否定句和疑问句中;needn't have done过去本没有必要做某事;couldn't have done过去不可能发生了某事,根据句意应选C。

  3. D

  句意:我真希望上周二我去参加我妹妹的婚礼,但是我当时在纽约出差。wish后面的宾语从句所表示的如果是与过去相反的事实,则从句需使用过去完成时表示虚拟。

  4. D

  句意:要是没有战争经历,海明威也就不会写出他的著名小说A Farewell to Arms。这是由without引导的一种含蓄虚拟结构,类似于if引导的与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句,主句谓语动词用:should/would/could/might + have done。

  5. A

  句意:你肯定是Carol。这么多年,你一点也没改变。本题考查情态动词表示推测的用法。can表示推测时一般用于否定或疑问,在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性。must表示十分肯定的推测;will表示意愿或将来;shall用于第二人称的陈述句中表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。not...a bit表示“一点也不,根本不”的意思,既然一点都没变,那前面肯定是非常肯定的推测。所以答案为A。

  6. D

  句意:如果我知道这个时间表,就会省去一些麻烦。从前半句it might have saved me some trouble可知,本句话是对过去的虚拟,从句应用过去完成时,当从句中有had时,可以省略if把had提到从句句首。

  7. D

  句意:——对不起,妈妈。我面试又失败了。——哦,太糟糕了。你原本应该做好全面准备的。must have done 表猜测,“一定已经做过某事”;can have done表猜测,“可能已经做过某事”; would have done 表虚拟,“本来想做但是没做”;should have done表虚拟,“本应该做但是没做”。故选D。

  8. C句意:我们宁愿我们的女儿和我们一起待在家里,但是那是她的选择,她已经不再是一个小孩子了。would rather接that从句时,从句要用虚拟语气,如果表示与现在及将来事实相反的假设,从句用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反则用过去完成时。根据语境的it is her choice判断,这里表示事情还没有发生,因此宾语从句用一般过去时。

  9. A句意:——今天早上下了大雨。我很庆幸我们带了伞。——是啊,要是我们没带的话我们全身都得湿透了。语境表示对过去事实的虚拟,主句用了would+have done,if从句用过去完成时,因此选A,完整的表达是if we hadn’t taken an umbrella。

  10. C 句意:——你认为乔治已经通过驾照考试了吗?——没有,如果他通过了,昨天他就会开车去我们学院了。语境表示对过去事实的假设,主句用would + have +过去分词。

  II. 完形填空

  本文是一篇心灵鸡汤类的记叙文。文章讲述了由于弹钢琴打扰邻居休息,作者邀请邻居到家里聚会并道歉,进而得到了邻居的谅解。

  11. A 【命题意图】考查动词词义辨析。

  【解题思路】根据句意:那天晚上,他们两个人肩并肩坐在钢琴那里演奏爵士乐来庆祝搬新家。只有“坐”在那里,才可以弹钢琴。故选A。

  12. C 【命题意图】考查名词词义辨析。

  【解题思路】句意:大声的音乐充满着整个房间,使他们感到非常开心。此题根据上下文语境的联系我们可以知道,他们上面是在演奏音乐,所以此处充满整个房间的应该是他们所演奏的音乐声。故选C。

  13. B 【命题意图】考查副词词义辨析。

  【解题思路】therefore因此;however因此;otherwise否则;instead代替,而不是。根据句意:然而,第二天早晨,他们的高兴感消失不见了。故选B。

  14. A 【命题意图】考查名词辨析。

  【解题思路】note便条;poster海报;bill支票,账单; report报告。句意:夜晚期间,有人在他们家的门下面留了张便条。故选A。

  15. D 【命题意图】考查形容词辨析。

  【解题思路】根据文章的句子...he couldn't imagine any of them had done that我们可以看出,管理员想象不出谁会做这件事情,我们由此可以推断出这里的住户人都很不错(nice)。故选D。

  16. A 【命题意图】考查名词词义辨析。

  【解题思路】根据上下文我们可推知,晚上在家里弹琴,影响的肯定是邻居,所以,应向邻居道歉。句意:Dario提议他们写封信向邻居道歉。故选A。

  17. D 【命题意图】考查动词辨析。

  【解题思路】根据文章的语境我们可以知道,Dario提议他们写封信向邻居道歉,但他的妈妈提议他们亲自(in person)去拜访(visit)每个人。故选D。

  18. A 【命题意图】考查名词辨析。

  【解题思路】根据文章下面的句子...they sent out invitations and prepared desserts...They decorated the apartment with streamers and party lights可知他们举行的应该是晚会(party)。故选A。

  19. B 【命题意图】考查名词词义辨析。

  【解题思路】experience经验,经历; idea想法,主意; performance表演,表现; action动作,行动。句意:他们都非常喜欢这个主意。故选B。

  20. C 【命题意图】考查介词用法。

  【解题思路】...they sent out invitations and prepared desserts ________ the guests他们发出邀请函,为客人们准备好甜点。for,介词,意为“为了”。 故选C。

  21. B 【命题意图】考查动词词义辨析。

  【解题思路】continued继续; arrived到达;passed递给;finished完成。句意:终于,晚会的日子到了。故选B。

  22. C 【命题意图】考查动词词义辨析。

  【解题思路】order订购,命令; sell卖; share分享; advertise登广告。句意:一些客人带来了礼物。还有些人带来了鲜花。一些人甚至带来了甜点来和大家分享。故选C。

  23. B 【命题意图】考查动词词义辨析。

  【解题思路】treated治疗,对待;presented赠送;helped帮助;served服务。句意:Mrs Gilbert赠送给Dario的妈妈一本Chopin写的钢琴书。故选B。

  24. D 【命题意图】考查动词词义辨析。

  【解题思路】promised许诺;admitted承认;agreed同意;worried担心。句意:那天晚上我听见了你在弹钢琴。钢琴声把我弄醒了。我担心你会每天晚上都弹琴。所以我写了个便条。我希望你不会认为我不喜欢你的演奏。故选D。

  25. D 【命题意图】考查动词词义辨析。

  【解题思路】owe欠。根据句意:我认为我们欠你一个道歉。故选D。

  26. A 【命题意图】考查动词词义辨析。

  【解题思路】realize意识到; remember记得; understand理解;accept接受。句意:我们演奏音乐的时候我没意识到时间有多晚。故选A。

  27. D 【命题意图】考查形容词辨析。

  【解题思路】sweet甜美的;strange奇怪的,陌生的;funny可笑的;loud大声的。根据文章句子I like what you play !Just not so loud at night.我们可以推断出Mrs Gilbert不希望这对母子在晚上的时候演奏声音太大的音乐,所以送给他们的书应该是声音不太大的音乐。故选D。

  28. C 【命题意图】考查形容词词义辨析。

  【解题思路】句意:我们很乐意在晚上演奏这些美丽的音乐。故选C。

  29. B 【命题意图】考查动词词义辨析。

  【解题思路】change改变,变化;practice练习;record记录;write写。句意:他已经盼望着练习演奏这些新的音乐了。故选B。

  30. C 【命题意图】考查名词词义辨析。

  【解题思路】equality平等;freedom自由;warmth温暖;sympathy同情。根据文章的句子...he was happy to see the big smile on his mother's face....made him feel that they were at home at last我们可以推知,妈妈脸上的笑容给Dario的是温暖的感觉,因为家使人感到的是温暖。故选C。

  III. 阅读理解

  IV. 微写作

  【写作指导】本题是要求根据提供的图画内容写一篇记叙文。在写这类文章的时候首先要确定的是文章的人称和时态。通过审题“假设你是红星中学高三学生李华”可知本文的写作应该采用第一人称;根据“在活动中向面人艺术家学习捏面人”可知文章的时态应该是一般过去时。在写作之前要看好图片,正确把握和提取图片所提供的信息。在看图的过程中我们不妨把每一幅图所体现的内容用句子表达出来。然后连句成文,加上适当的过渡的句子和词语以及合理的想象,让文章的内容丰富和生动起来。另外,在写作的过程中,除了使用then,我们还可以使用first,next等词语,或者变化不同的句式和不同的词汇来表达。例如,想表达在一件事情之后,我们可以使用非限制性定语从句 after which,还可以使用非谓语动词作状语等。切忌表达式句式单一。

  【范文】

  Last Tuesday,our class invited an old craftsman to teach us how to make dough figurines.

  When the craftsman came into the classroom we gave him a warm welcome and two boys helped him with the tool box. First,he showed us the basic steps and skills of making dough figurines. We stood around him and watched attentively. Then we started to have a try ourselves. The old man walked around and helped us patiently. Finally,we put the figurines we made on the table and took pictures with the old craftsman. Looking at the figurines,we were all very excited.

  We hope we can have more activities of the kind!

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