2016高考英语单项选择提练：第二单元 第二部分 单选命题策略分析与解题技巧

　　第二部分

　　高考单选命题策略分析与解题技巧

　　第一节

　　高考单选命题常见手段

　　单项选择试题特点

　　1）句子长，2）复句多，3）结构较为复杂，4）语言实用性强，5）无单纯语法或词法考题，6）每题中都设置了特定的语境。

　　---Who is the teacher?

　　---One of my friends is ______ teacher, ______ teacher who works in a middle school.

　　A. a, the, B.

　　the,

　　a,

　　C. a, a

　　D.

　　the,

　　the

　　单项选择试题命题思路

　　注重单句层次的语境设置，重点考察考生的语言运用能力。

　　考生在具备了一定的语言能力、语言经验和语用经验，才能灵活自如地主宰单项选择题。分析历年考题，我们会发现近几年来的单句层次的语境创设手段有以下几种：

　　运用交际手段

　　交际语用型是指对提供的情景作出反应，旨在考察考生的语用能力。

　　(1)--- Can I get you a cup of tea?

　　---__________. (1998,15)

　　A. That’s very nice of you.

　　B. With pleasure

　　C. You can, please

　　D. Thank you for the tea.

　　(2) ---Wait!

　　---_______. (2000,9)

　　A. Yes, sir?

　　B. What?

　　C. All right?

　　D. Pardon?

　　(3) ---Good morning, Grand Hotel.

　　---Hello, I’d like to book a room for the nights of the 18th and 19th.

　　--- _______. (2001, 21)

　　A. What can I do for you

　　B. Just a minute, please.

　　C. What’s the matter

　　D. At your service

　　交际综合型以对话为语境依托，目的在考察语法和词法。

　　(4) ---When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.

　　---They ______ be ready by 12:00. (1998,13)

　　A. can

　　B. should

　　C. might

　　D. need

　　(5) ---Will you stay for lunch?

　　---Sorry, ______. My brother is coming to see me. (1999,15)

　　A. I mustn’t

　　B. I can’t

　　C. I needn’t

　　D. I won’t

　　(6) ---Are you coming to Jeff’s party?

　　---I’m not sure. I ______ go to the concert instead. (2000,15)

　　A. must

　　B. would

　　C. should

　　D. might

　　(7) ---Alice, you feed the bird today, ______ ?

　　---But I fed it yesterday. (

　　)

　　A. do you

　　B. will you

　　C. didn’t you

　　D. don’t you

　　运用句法手段

　　运用复合句

　　(8)

　　(9) The WTO cannot live up to its name ______ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. (2000,21)

　　A. as long as

　　B. while

　　C. if

　　D. even though

　　运用并列句

　　I would love _______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. (1997, 12)

　　A. to go

　　B. to have gone

　　C. going

　　D. having gone

　　运用简单句

　　The Olympic Games, _______ in 776 B.C. did not include women players until 1912. (1997,17)

　　A. first playing

　　B. to be first played

　　C. first played

　　D. to be first playing

　　运用二层次陈述

　　Wait till you are more _____. It’s better to be sure than sorry. (1997,13)

　　A. inspired

　　B. satisfied

　　C. calm

　　D. certain

　　运用标点符号

　　European football is played in 80 countries, _______ it the most popular sport in the world. (1998,25)

　　A. making

　　B. makes

　　C. made

　　D. to make

　　（二）单句层次的障碍设置以进行消极干扰，使试题有一定难度，用以检测考生的分析能力。

　　分析历年考题，我们会发现有以下九种设置障碍的手段：

　　多元选择手段

　　在一个题中设置一个以上考点的选择问题，称为多元选择题。这类题具有综合性强、干扰性大等特点，易导致错误的发散思维。

　　对策: 采取各个击破法. 做这类题可用“各个击破”的方法，先找出较容易的，然后再做较难的。

　　Most animals have little connection with ______ animals of ______ different kind unless they kill them for food. (2000,10)

　　A. the; a

　　B. /; a

　　C. the; the

　　D./; the

　　The warmth of ______ sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _______ wool used. (2001,29)

　　A. the; the

　　B. the; /

　　C. /; the

　　D./; /

　　插入语手段

　　某些词（态度词）、 短语或句子，或放在句首、句中、或句末，多用逗号与句子里的其他成分分开，这些词并非句子中的语法构成部分。常用态度词surely, indeed, perhaps, personally, fortunately, luckily等；短语有sure enough, most important of all, to tell the truth, generally speaking, in one's opinion, in other words, worse still, to be frank, to one's surprise等; 句子有: I dare say, I'm sure, I admit, I'm afraid, I guess, I believe, I suppose, I imagine, What's worse, What's more等。高考命题中设置障碍主要采用短语和句子插入句中的形式，以干扰视线，分散注意力，混淆句子结构，从而加大考题的难度。

　　对策: 采取减元法. 考生只有具备识别插入语的能力，才能解好这类题。

　　(16) ---We haven't heard from Jane for a long time.

　　--- What do you suppose _____ to her? (MET 91,23)

　　A. was happening

　　B. to happen

　　C. has happened

　　D. having happened

　　(17) The film brought the hours back to me _______ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. (2001, 22)

　　A. until

　　B. that

　　C. when

　　D. where

　　变换句子结构------拆搭法

　　所谓"拆搭法"即命题者通过各种手段把原先在一起使用的固定搭配拆开, 将两个毫不相干的表达搭在一起, 或将题干中句子的某一部分位置加一调整以此增加理解句子和选择答案的难度。为了达到"貌合神离" 或"貌离神合" 的效果, 命题者一般从以下几方面入手:

　　(1)

　　增加提干法: 如加插入语从句等.

　　对策(1) 采取减元法, 去除插入语或从句; (2) 蒋主从句分解为两个简单句; (3) 将所选选项代入原句.

　　(18) John plays football ____, if not better than, David. (NMET 94,28)

　　A. as well

　　B. as well as

　　C. so well

　　D. so well as

　　The theory he had stuck ______ to be true.

　　A. proved

　　B. to proving

　　C. to prove

　　D. to proved

　　(20) --- Thank you for the great trouble you've had ______ me with my computer work.

　　--- That is nothing.

　　A. with helping

　　B. helping

　　C. to help

　　D. to have helped

　　Lots of time has been spent _______ the job.

　　A. to finish

　　B. finished

　　C. finishing

　　D. finish

　　(21) The harder we study, the more questions we think of _______.

　　A. asking

　　B. being asked

　　C. to ask

　　D. asked

　　(22) The plan they got down to ______.

　　A. was finished

　　B. being finished

　　C. have been finished

　　D. finishing it

　　(23) I feel the time has come ______ around for a new job.

　　A. to me to begin looking

　　B. to me to begin to look

　　C. for me to begin looking

　　D. for me beginning to look

　　(2) 移位法: 将动宾或介宾结构中的宾语通过被动语态定语从句或用疑问词替代的方法进行移位, 使考生形成思维空缺.

　　对策(1) 还原法, 将被动语态还原成主动语态; (2)将含定语从句的复合句分化为两个简单句; (3) 将疑问句还原为陈述句.

　　(24) The film brought the hours back to me ______ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. (2001,22)

　　A. until

　　B. that

　　C. when

　　D. where

　　(25) The director told the visitors that very little _____ was made of the waste water in the past.

　　A. cost

　　B. value

　　C. use

　　D. matter

　　(26) I wonder if this is the computer you want ______.

　　A. to have repaired

　　B. to have it repaired

　　C. it repaired

　　D. to repair it

　　(27) What way are you thinking of ________ rid of the flies?

　　A. to get

　　B. getting

　　C. being got

　　D. to be getting

　　(28) Who are you going to ______ " Who's who" into Chinese?

　　A. have translated

　　B. have been translated

　　C. have translate

　　D. have been translating

　　(28) We believe ______ you have devoted yourself _______ sure to come true.

　　A. that, is

　　B. all that, to be

　　C. that all, are

　　D. what, to is

　　(29) The salesman scolded the girl caught and let her off.

　　A. to have stolen

　　B. to be stealing

　　C. to steal

　　D. stealing

　　(30) _______are parts of the same educational experience, but unfortunately they are often thought

　　of _____separate.

　　Teaching or learning, to be

　　Teaching and learning, as to be

　　Teaching rather than learning, as being

　　D

　　Teaching and learning, as being

　　(31) A group has been arranged ____ Mr. Black at the airport.

　　A. for meeting

　　B. to meet

　　C. for to meet

　　D. meeting

　　(32) Who would you rather

　　_____ you tomorrow?

　　A.

　　had helped

　　B. help

　　C. to help

　　D. helped

　　(33) Do you refer to the bike you _____ yesterday?

　　A. had it repaired

　　B. had repaired

　　C. repair

　　D. repaired it

　　(34) He was sung high praise ________ he had done..

　　A. for what

　　B. for that

　　C. for for what

　　D. for

　　　(3) 障眼法: 即利用思维定势. 学生在学习过程中强化记忆一些基础词法、句法，这是非常必要的。但这远远不够， 还必须学会正确迁移。 因为强化记忆会形成思维定势，而思维定势可能产生负面效应。正是基于这一点，高考长设置语境，考察考生灵活的迁移能力。用学生熟悉的搭配或结构充当干扰项.

　　对策 (1) 移位法; (2) 分析所空部分在句子中充当何种成分; (3) 翻译句子句意是否通顺。

　　(35) The home improvements have taken what little there is ______ my spare time. (2001,27)

　　A. from

　　B. in

　　C. of

　　D. at

　　(36) The use he _____ his spare time made him a spare-time writer.

　　made up of

　　B. made up for

　　C. made of

　　D. took

　　(37) He is often listened ______ that beautiful song.

　　A. to to sing

　　B. sing

　　C. to sing

　　D. to singing

　　(38)

　　I can do what I can ______ you.

　　A. help

　　B. to help

　　C. helping

　　D. helped

　　(39) We should try to prevent pollution _____ a happier life.

　　A. from living

　　B. living

　　C. to live

　　D. against living

　　(40) Beautiful as they made it ______ happily, they had wasted so much.

　　A. living

　　B. to live

　　C. live

　　D. to be lived

　　(41) With the completion of the power station, it will keep the peasants in the area ______ electricity.

　　A. supplying with

　　B. supplying by

　　C. supplied with

　　D. supplied by

　　(4) 缩略法: 与方法(1) 正好相反, 通过隐含或省略部分结构的方法使两个不相干的部分搭在一起.

　　对策: 增元法, 分析句子成分, 补全所缺部分, 在所有成分俱全的情况下进行判断。

　　(42) He likes little of chemistry, ________of physics.

　　A.

　　and more

　　B.no more than

　　C.

　　and still less

　　D.

　　not less than

　　(43) When _______, this machine must be paid great attention to.

　　A. used

　　B. using

　　C. being used

　　D. using it

　　省略句的使用

　　采用省略的手法减弱命题中可读的直接信息，使其留有充分的思维余地。 省略句的命题形式分为语境性省略和选择性省略。 语境性省略句是指采用省略的方式给出选项的语境信息的命题； 选择性省略句主要解决省略句的关键词、词组等与信息句的呼应问题。 省略句的命题用来考察发散性思维和创造性思维能力。

　　对策: 增元法, 解省略题命题要顺着语境进行合乎逻辑的思维发散，作完型全句的理解。

　　(44) ---How long has this bookshop been in business?

　　---_____ 1982. (NMET 94,24)

　　A. After

　　B. In

　　C. From

　　D. Since

　　(45) I don’t think I’ll need money but I’ll bring some _______. (2000,7)

　　A. at last

　　B. in case

　　C. once again

　　D. in time

　　(46) ---What are you busy doing these days?

　　---_______ the college entrance examinations.

　　A. To make preparations for

　　B. Preparing myself for

　　C. To prepare myself for

　　D. Myself preparing

　　(47) We see him when he comes to town, but ______ isn't often.

　　A. it

　　B. which

　　C. as

　　D. that

　　(48) ---What made you so sad?

　　---______made me upset.

　　A. I lost my wallet

　　B. Because I lost my wallet

　　C. Losing my wallet

　　D. Having lost my wallet

　　利用标点符号

　　标点符号是句子的组成部分之一，它虽然不能创设语意环境，却能创设语言的结构环境。标点符号属于学生容易忽略的内容，又容易引起解题错误。

　　对策：利用标点符号命题的单选题常常是复句，做题时首先要分析选项句子前后的标点，然后进一步分析此句和另一个句子的关系。

　　(49) ______ is known to everyone, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (2001, 34)

　　A. It

　　B.

　　As

　　C. That

　　D. What

　　(50) Carol said the work would be done by October, _______ personally I doubt very much. (1999,19)

　　A. it

　　B. that

　　C. when

　　D. which

　　曲折表达手段

　　曲折表达是一种常见的命题手段，它借助于一定词法和句法表达与语境似乎不太相符的意义，必须作转换理解。 常见与考察情态动词、比较级等用法。

　　对策：解好这类题的关键在于语感和语言经验的积累。做好这类题的关键是能够正确理解结构比较复杂的语句的意思。如果感到有困难，可以通过英语语句结构的转换(transformation)来把握其意思。

　　(51) How beautifully she sings! I have never heard ______. (1996,11)

　　A. the better voice

　　B. a good voice

　　C. the best voice

　　D. a better voice

　　思维空间的设置

　　在命题中，有时依靠语境营造出某一概念的思维空间，使上下句间接地却又密切地保持着逻辑联系。这种命题的上下句时态表现形式为非一直性，旨在考察空间想象和逻辑思维能力。

　　对策：解题时首先分析另一个完整句子的时态，然后根据这个完整句子的时态去决定空格处需要用什么时态。

　　(52) I ______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven't had time to play since the new year. (2001,30)

　　A. will play

　　B. have played

　　C. played

　　D. play

　　(53) I was really anxious about you. You _______ home without a word. (2001, 33)

　　A. mustn't leave

　　B. shouldn't have left

　　C.couldn't have left

　　D. needn't leave

　　(54)---Nancy is not coming tonight.

　　---But she _______! (1998,10)

　　A. promises

　　B. promised

　　C. will promise

　　D. had promised

　　(55) ---Hey, look where you are going!

　　---Oh, I’m terribly sorry. ______. (1999,24)

　　A. I’m not noticing

　　B. I wasn’t noticing

　　C. I haven’t noticed

　　D. I don’t notice

　　貌合神离的综合语点设置

　　这类命题是在一个语境下，网罗了若干个貌似神离的语点，要经过仔细对比分析才能找到答案，具有极大的综合性和迷惑性。

　　对策：抽样分析，这类题的正确率极低。它要求考生具有扎实的语言功底和灵活的应变能力，要求教师要加强近义词、近形句的复习指导。

　　I was about 600 years ago ______ the first clock with a face and an hour was made. (1997, 25)

　　A. that

　　B. until

　　C. before

　　D. when

　　(57) ______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. (1996,25)

　　A. If

　　B. Whether

　　C. That

　　D. Where

　　(58) All of them went to the pumps and pumped the water for______ they couldn't stand.

　　A. so long as

　　B. as long as

　　C. long enough

　　D. when