英语四级备考：快速阅读全真题(2)

　　Highways

　　Early in the 20th century,most of the streets and roads in the U.S.were made of dirt,brick,and cedar wood blocks.Built for horse,carriage,and foot traffic,they were usually poorly cared for and too narrow to accommodate automobiles.

　　With the increase in auto production,private turnpike companies under local authorities began to spring up,and by 1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved roads.Many were built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John MacAdam ,whose specifications stressed the importance of adequate drainage.Beyond that,there were no national standards for size,weight restrictions,or commercial signs.During World War I,roads throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the weight of trucks.When General Eisenhower returned from Germany in 1919,after serving in the U.S.armys first transcontinental motor convoy ,he noted:The old convoy had started me thinking about good,two-lane highways,but Germanys Autobahn or motorway had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land.

　　It would take another war before the federal government would act on a national highway system.During World War II,a tremendous increase in trucks and new roads were required.The war demonstrated how critical highways were to the defense effort.Thirteen per cent of defense plants received all their supplies by truck,and almost all other plants shipped more than half of their products by vehicle.The war also revealed that local control of highways had led to a confusing variety of design standards.Even federal and state highways did not follow basic standards.Some states allowed trucks up to 36,000 pounds,while others restricted anything over 7,000 pounds.

　　A government study recommended a national highway system of 33,920 miles,and congress soon passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944,which called for strict,centrally controlled design criteria.

　　The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the greatest public works projects of the century.To build its 44,000-mile web of highways,bridge,and tunnels,hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out.Consider the many geographic features of the country:mountains,steep grades,wetlands,rivers,deserts and plains.Variables included the slope of the land,the ability of the pavement to support the load,the intensity of road use,and the nature of the underlying soil.Urban areas were another problem.Innovative designs of roadways,tunnels,bridges,overpasses,and interchanges that could run through or bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way across the country,forever altering the face of America.

　　Today,the interstate system links every major city in the U.S.,and the U.S.with Canada and Mexico.Built with safety in mind,the highways have wide lanes and shoulders,dividing medians,or barriers,long entry and exit lanes,curves engineered for safe turns,and limited access.The death rate on highways is half that of all other U.S.roads .

　　By opening the North American continent,highways have enabled consumer goods and services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country,spurred the growth of suburbs,and provided people with greater options in term of jobs,access to cultural programs,health care,and other benefits.Above all,the interstate system provides individuals with what they cherish most:personal freedom of mobility.

　　The interstate system has been an essential element of the nations economic growth in terms of shipping and job creation:more than 75 percent of the nations freight deliveries arrive by truck;and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicle.Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes,it has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations,motels,restaurants,and shopping centers.It has allowed the relocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban areas to rural.

　　By the end of the century there was an immense network of paved roads,residential streets,expressways,and freeways built to support millions of vehicles.The highway system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vision and leadership.The year construction began he said:Together,the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are dynamic elements in the very name we bearUnited States.Without them,we would be a mere alliance of many separate parts.

　　1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.

　　2. General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two-lane highways of America.

　　3. It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national highway system.

　　4. Many of the problems presented by the countrys geographical features found solutions in innovative engineering projects.

　　5. In spite of safety considerations,the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that of other American roads.

　　6. The interstate highway system provides access between major military installations in America.

　　7. Service stations,motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate highway system.

　　8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was ________.

　　9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than ________.

　　10. The interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition of ________.