一. 基本概念: 顾名思义,不担任谓语成分而担任其他语法功能的动词称为非谓语动词,有to do(动词不定式) / -ing (现在分词 / 动名词) / -ed (过去分词) 三个形式。由于他们不受主语人称和数的限制,故也称为非限定动词.(学习中不要刻意去区分现在分词和动名词) 二. 非谓语动词的时态和语态意义: 英语中动词有两大基本特征:时态和语态的变化。非谓语动词也是动词,当然也具备动词的这两大特征。 1. 时态概念:非谓语动词只有过去、现在和将来三个时间概念,他与谓语动词时态的区别是:谓语动词表示的是实际时间概念,如I am learning English.是指讲话的时候或那段时间里我正在学英语.而非谓语动词的过去、现在和将来是指相对于谓语动词而言的过去、现在和将来,即先于谓语动词的行为或状态称为过去时,与谓语动词的行为或状态发生在同一时间(段)的称为现在时,而发生在谓语动词的行为或状态之后的称为将来时.这个时间概念对于后面要讲的非谓语动词的句法功能是非常重要的。 2. 语态概念:与谓语动词一样,非谓语动词也有主动语态和被动语态之分。 将非谓语动词的上述时态和语态概念用表格归纳如下: to do -ing -ed 主动 被动 主动 被动 被动 将来时 to do to be done 现在时 doing (sth.) being done 过去时 to have done to have been done -ed 也就是要记住四句话: (1) 表示将来时; (2) 表示现在时; (3) 表示过去时(一定是被动的) (4) 动词不定式的完成时表示过去时 非谓语动词的上述时态和语态概念是理解非谓语动词句法功能、应试判题和翻译的基础。 请你判断一下,下面句子中的非谓语动词是什么时态和语态: Your duty is to look after the sick child. (你的责任是照料这个病孩。将来 / 主动) The sick child needs to be looked after by a special person. (这个病孩需要专人照顾。将来 / 被动) He is said to have studied hard and passed the examination. (据说他学习一直很用功并通过了考试。过去 / 主动) Five persons are reported to have been killed in the big fire. (据报道,有5人已在这场大火中丧生。过去 / 被动) Do you know the man sitting and reading a book there? (你认识坐在那里看书的那个人吗?现在 / 主动) Who is the patient being operated on? (正在接受手术的那个病人是谁啊?现在 / 被动) Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. (当选为委员的人将出席这次会议。过去 / 被动) 有了上述基本概念,就可以进一步讨论下面的问题了: 三. 非谓语动词的句法功能: 一个典型的句子共有以下五个基本成分: 主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 这里要讨论的是当英语中的一个动词处在主语、宾语、定语和状语位置时怎么处理,即非谓语成分时怎么处理。 1.主语: 首先,to do 和 -ing形式具有名词性,-ed 不具备名词性。也就是说,to do 和 -ing可以做主语,例如: To learn a foreign language is not an easy thing. (= It is not an easy thing to learn English.) Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing. 问题是这两种表达方式有没有区别。语法上没有对或错的区别,因此不是语法考试的重点 一般讲,to do较具体的行为或状态,-ing表示较笼统的概念,如学习外语对我来说并非易事一般用to do来表达:To learn a foreign language. is not an easy thing for me. (或:It is not an easy thing for me to learn a foreign language.) 从应试角度讲,只要记住下面两个特殊句型就可以了: It is no use (或good) + ing结构,例如: It is no use quarreling with her. (和她争吵没有用。考试时不要选to quarrel with her) There is no + ing 结构,例如: There is no denying that women are playing more and more important roles in the world today.(不可否认,在当今世界上,妇女正发挥越来越重要的作用。) There is no joking about this matter. (这事开不得玩笑。)
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