在讲解被动态的适用范围之前,我们先来复习一下被动态的结构:be+done,即be动词体现时态再加上被执行动作的过去分词。现在,小编分别举一个主动句和一个被动句,你们感受一下主动句和被动句的差别。

France beat Brazil in the final. [active]
在总决赛中,法国打败了巴西。(主动态)
Brazil was beaten by France in the final. [passive]
在总决赛中巴西被法国打败了。(被动态)
解析:这两个句子传递的信息是完全不一样的。第一句中,主语France执行动作beat,第二句里,上句中的宾语Brazil变成了被动态的主语,而上句中的主语France则需要通过by来引导,甚至可以省略为:
Brazil were beaten in the final.
巴西在总决赛中被打败。
被动语态适用的几种情况
(注:由于中英差异,英文的被动态不一定需要用中文体现。)
(1)动作的执行者不明
The dress was stolen from the hotel room.
裙子在酒店里被偷走了。
Bring the pesticide material in for identification and disposal if the label has been removed from its container.
如果盛农药的容器上的标签已不见,则需要鉴定该农药,并适当处理。
(2)如果动作的执行者不重要
All her life she had been told that she was beautiful.
一生中,别人都告诉她,她很美。
(3)如果上文已经出现了动作执行者
They were shooting everybody. I felt a pain in my shoulder and a man told me I was hit.
他们在扫射每一个人。我感觉肩膀一疼,有人告诉我我被射到了。
(4)如果动作执行者可以通过上下文判断
He speaks of the case of a young student who is being treated for depression.
他说的是那个正接受抑郁症治疗的年轻学生。
(5)如果动作执行者是泛指的人
Adult beetles can be obtained from several sources.
人们可以通过各种方式获得成年甲虫。
(6)如果出于策略或政治问题不能提及动作执行者
I don’t oppose all wars. My grandfather signed up for a war the day after Pearl Harbour was bombed.
我不反对战争,我的祖父在珍珠港被轰炸后第二天签署了发动战争的协议。
(7)如果你想要发表一种看法而不想提及这是谁的看法,通常可以使用allege, announce, claim这类表示“宣布,宣称”的词的被动态形式
It has been alleged that some officers in the City Police Force accepted bribes.
据称,市警察局的某些官员接受了贿赂。
Some officers in the City Police Force are alleged to have accepted bribes.
据称,市警察局的某些官员接受了贿赂。
看了这么多种被动态的用法,可不要觉得被动态放之四海而皆准,如果出现下面的情况,还是不要用被动态为好。让我们举两个对比句为例。
第一组:Mistakes have been made. [被动态]和We have made mistakes. [主动态]。
由于评判他人的过失,第一种用法是合适的,即使用在外交场合也是合理的。但是如果是用于承认自己的错误则有一种轻描淡写的意味。
第二组:Delays have been tackled effectively by the team[被动态]和The team has tackled delays effectively[主动态]。
如果要说如上句这样值得表扬的事,主动态体现动作执行者的功劳,含有夸耀的口吻。
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