一、 英语长句的特点以及英汉语言差异
1、 英语句子一般非常注重结构语法的完整性,从而为了达到完整而明确说明的目的会大量借用各种类型的修饰词和结构。而汉语注重意义,结构松散,很少使用过多连词。
2、 英语句子在语言表达上通常采用被动句式,而汉语句子通常采用主动句式。
3、 英语语言逻辑思维上通常采用先果后因的方式,即往往将已有的判断结论放在事实及原因描述的前面。而汉语多采用先因后果的方式,即将事实和原因放在前面,然后推论出结果。并且两者在修饰语的使用位置上也存在较大差异。
二、 英语长句的翻译技巧和策略
1、 顺序操作
英语中,若长句中的各个句子在逻辑关系、表达顺序上与汉语一致,可以保留原句的句子结构,顺句译出。“断句”是翻译的关键。
例1、 But all I could make use of was all that was valuable: I had enough to eat and supply my wants, and what was all the rest to me? If I killed more flesh than I could eat, the dog must eat it, or vermin; if I sowed more corn than I could eat, it must be spoiled; the trees that I cut down were lying to rot on the ground; I could make no more use of them but for fuel, and that I had no occasion for but to dress my food.
译文:但我只取我所需,只取能为我所用的:有的吃有的用,我还要那些多余的干嘛?如果捕猎过多,我吃不完,只能留给狗吃,或让害虫吃掉;如果种粮过多,我吃不了,只能放着腐烂变臭;如果伐木过多,多余的木材只能扔在地上,任其腐朽,除了当柴火,别无它用,而我也只有做饭时才会烧柴火。
解析:此句的断句刚好是各个分号,容易识别。语言较为简单,顺势翻译即可。
2、 句式重构
句式重构就是根据原文的结构,按照汉语叙事的习惯重新组合句子使得汉语行文更加流畅自然。
例2、 It is impossible to express theflutterings of my very heart when I found all my wealth about me: for as the Brazil ships come all in fleets, the same ships which brought my letters brought my goods: and the effects were safe in the river before the letters came to my hand.
译文: 巴西的船只编队航行,其中一艘船带来了我的信,同时也把我的货物运载过来了:这封信送达我手中之前,财产已经安全抵达里斯本河了。当我知道我的财富近在眼前时,心中一阵阵激动狂喜之情无法言表。
解析:当然此句也可以按照原文的顺序翻译。但是汉语在很多情况下,按照“原因在前,结果在后”或“前提在前,结论在后”的顺序来陈述因果关系的,英语恰恰相反。本句的中调是强调“It is impossible to express the flutterings……”的部分,所以句子结构调整下更为符合汉语的表达。
例3、 Food manufacturers are flooding the UK with new products in response to rising demand from a population hungry for “something different”.
译文:英国人极想“尝鲜“,对新产品的需求与日俱增,针对这种情况,食品生产商们正一个劲儿地向英国市场投放各种新产品。
解析:面对长句,首先应该摸清句子的语义逻辑:a population hungry for “something different”——> in response to rising demand ——>Food manufacturers are flooding the UK with new products。所以应该从后朝前翻译,对句子进行句式重构。
3、 变词为句
英语句子依靠关联词在句子中“穿针引线”,逻辑严密,但结构复杂。汉语大多分成若干简短的句子,逐点交待。英汉翻译时,如含有动宾关系或主谓关系的表达,介词词组,名词词组等以句子形式翻译出。
例4、 Time, however, and the satisfaction I had that I was in no danger of being discovered by these people, vegan to wear off my uneasiness about them.
译文: 然而,随着时间流逝,我深知自己不会被这些人发现,心里感到满足,惶恐不安的情绪也渐渐被驱散了。
解析: 若是直译,可能会译为“然而,时间以及深知不会被这些人发现的满足心理,把我的不安驱散了”,读起来十分拗口。此句把“time”变词为句,变为”随着时间的流逝“。把“the satisfaction……”这句改为主谓结构,增强译文可读性。
英汉翻译过程中需要采取各种翻译技巧和策略。长句的翻译没有放之四海而皆准的方法。翻译是一件非常需要创造性的活动,并不是字字对译或句句对译这样的简单语言转换,但不论运用何种技巧和策略都要有扎实的英汉两种语言的功底。
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