【3年高考2年模拟】2016届高三英语一轮复习课件 语法专练三 定语从句

　　你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗? (6)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。如: Which is the bike that you lost? 哪辆是你丢的自行车? Who is the boy that won the gold medal? 赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁? (7)有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词宜用which,另外一个宜用that。 如: They secretly built up a small factory,which produced things that could cause pollution. 他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂,这家工厂生产的东西可能会造成污染。 (8)当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词在从句中关系代词也作表语时。 如: Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是过去的那座城市了。 2.当先行词指事/物时,定语从句中关系代词必须用which的情况: (1)在非限制性定语从句中,只用which,不用that。如: Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which, of course,made the others envy him. 海伦对最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多,这一点当然让其他的儿子很嫉妒。

　　(2)当动词短语中的介词提前时,只用which,不用that。如: This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。 注意:在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此不能 把介词置于关系代词之前。如: This is the pen(which/that)I’m looking for. 这是我正在寻找的那支钢笔。 不可以说:This is the pen for which I’m looking. (三)关系代词who,whom,that和whose的用法 当先行词指人:①关系词在定语从句中作主语时,用who/that,不可省略;②关 系词在定语从句中作宾语时,用whom/who/that,可以省略;③关系词在定语 从句中作定语时,用whose,不可省略。如: She is the girl who/that lives next door.(关系词在定语从句中作主语)她就是 住在隔壁的女孩。 That’s the girl (whom/who/that) I teach.(关系词在定语从句中作宾语)那就 是我教的女孩。 This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.(关系词在定语从句 中作定语)这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。 This is the house whose window broke last night. =This is the house,the window of which broke last night. =This is the house,of which the window broke last night. 这就是昨晚窗户坏了的那所房子。 (四)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 1.当介词放在关系代词的前面时,关系代词只能用which或whom,并且不能 省略。如: He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows,most of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year. 他付给那个男孩10美元擦洗10个窗户,这10个窗户中大部分至少一年没擦 了。 In the dark street,there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在黑暗的街道上,她没有一个可以求助的人。 2.在限制性定语从句中,当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that/which(指 物),that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以 省略。如: This is the hero  we are proud of. 这是我们引以为荣的那个英雄。 This is the pen  I wrote the letter with. 这是我写信时用的那支钢笔。 3.“介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句,这种结构引导的定语从 句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。如: He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree. 他住在一所大房子里,房子前面有一棵大树。 4.介词+which/whom+不定式结构。如: The poor man has no house in which to live. =The poor man has no house to live in. =The poor man has no house in which he can live. 那个穷人没房子住。 The beggar has no money with which to buy food. =The beggar has no money to buy food with. =The beggar has no money that he can buy food with. 那个乞丐没钱买吃的。 (五)关系代词as引导的定语从句 关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句,as 在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式: 1. 

　　其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。如: We have found such materials as are used in their factory. 我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语) These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected. 这些房子以人们预料的那样的低价出售。(as作宾语) He is not the same man as he was. 他和过去不同了。(as作表语) 注意:such...as引导的定语从句与such...that引导的状语从句的区别: ①He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. 他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明的男孩子。 ②He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. 他是一个如此聪明的男孩子,以至于人人都喜欢他。 第一个句子中such...as引导的是定语从句,as在从句中作宾语;而第二个句 子中such...that引导的是状语从句,从句中不缺任何成分。 2....such as... such为代词,意为“这样的人或物”,as在从句中作成分,修饰先行词such。 如: This book is not such as I expect. 这不是我想要的书。(as作宾语) (六)关系代词as,which的区别 1.as 引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入 主句中,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是 两者都可替代整个主句的内容。如: The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expect. 结果天气很好,超出了我们的预料。 2.当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时,只能用as。如: As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month. =The moon travels round the earth once every month,as/which is known to everybody. =It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. =What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 众所周知,月球每月绕地球转一次。 后两句属名词性从句范畴。 另外,as多用于下列习惯用语中:as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那 样;as is well known=as is known to all众所周知;as we had expected正如我们 所预料的那样;as often happens正如经常发生的那样;as has been said before如上所述;as is mentioned above正如上面提到的。

　　3.当定语从句放在主句后面时,也并不是as就永远等于which。 (1)当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which。如: He came here very late,which was unexpected(not expected). 他迟到了,这是意料之外的。 (2)当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接动词的被动语态。如:be known,be said,be reported,be announced等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态,一般用 which作主语。如: She has been absent again,as is expected. 她又缺席了,这在预料之中。 Tom has made rapid progress,which makes me very happy. 汤姆进步很快,这使我很高兴。 (3)as常用在as(it)seems likely,as(it)often happens,as(it)was pointed out,as(it) was said earlier,as I remember(it),as I understand(it),as(it)appears等结构中。 如: Jack has won the first prize,as it often happens. 像往常一样,杰克得了一等奖。 She has read widely in Romantic literature,as it appears from her essay. 她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学,这从她的文章中可以看出来。 (4)as仍然保持作连词时的某种含义。如: David is tall,as are my brothers(=and so are my brothers). 戴维很高,我的兄弟们也一样。 He opposed the idea,as could be expected. 不出所料,他反对这个意见。 (5)当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合结构时,只能用which引导定语 从句。如: Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange. 贝蒂总是说谎,她的父母觉得奇怪。 三、关系副词的用法 (一)当关系词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表时间的 介词(如:in,at,during等)+which;where=表地点的介词(如:in,at,on,under等)+ which;why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which。如: I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which) 我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。 Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which) 你能告诉我他上班的办公室吗? Do you know the reason why he is absent? 你知道他缺席的原因吗? (二)where/when=介词+关系代词(which)。有时为表达清楚,还可以在关系 副词where/when前加介词from,to等。如: China is the birthplace of kites,from where kite flying spread to Japan,Korea, Thailand and India. 中国是风筝的故乡,从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。 (三)高考对关系副词where的考查 高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂,从先行词为“明显的地点”转为 “地点的模糊化”。事实上,对于where这个词,考生不能只理解为表地 点。当先行词表示某人/物的situation,或某事所发展的stage,或表达某事的 某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。如: They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 这种用法不是仅仅限于定语从句,特殊疑问句中的where,名词性从句中的 where都有这种用法。如: Where will all this trouble lead? 这件麻烦事会惹出什么结果? That is where you are mistaken. 那就是你的错误所在。 四、关系代词和关系副词的比较 引导定语从句的关系代词及关系副词除了起连接主句和从句的作用外,它 们还有一个最重要的作用,那就是它们分别在定语从句中作成分。具体地 说,关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语,而关系副词在定语 从句中作状语。因此,在选择关系词时,最重要的是分析一下定语从句所缺 的成分,若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语,那么必须用关系代词;若从 句中缺状语,那么必须用关系副词。 试比较下面的句子: (1)Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao? 你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗? (2)Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao? 你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗? 在句(1)中,定语从句中缺宾语,因此须用关系代词that/which来引导从句;在句(2)中,定语从句中缺时间状语,因此须用关系副词when来引导从句。 五、定语从句用法的其他要点 (一)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,不可省略 (二)定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式与先行词的单复数保持一致

　　当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时,那么定语从句中的谓语动 词在人称、数的方面,应该与先行词保持一致。 1.one of+复数名词+关系代词+动词复数形式。如: The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors. 长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。 Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood. 《泰坦尼克号》是好莱坞制作的最精彩的电影之一。 2.the only one of+复数名词+关系代词+动词单数形式。如: The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon. 长城是地球上唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。

　　Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood. 在这些精彩的电影中,《泰坦尼克号》是唯一一部由好莱坞制作的电影。 注意:not the only one of...=one of...如: Tom isn’t the only one of the boys who have passed the exam. =Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam. 汤姆并非是唯一一个通过考试的男孩。=汤姆只是通过考试的男孩中的一 个。 3.当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰主句内容时,若as与 which作主语,则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如: Great changes have taken place in China,as is known to all. 众所周知,中国发生了巨大的变化。 He has passed the college entrance examination,which makes his parents quite happy. 他通过了高考,这让他的父母很高兴。 4.其他情况: I,who am your teacher,will try my best to help you. 我——你的老师,将尽全力帮助你。 To own a computer in families,which we thought was impossible twenty years ago,now becomes true. 家里有台电脑,在20年前我们认为不可能的事,现在变成真事儿了。 (三)注意way和time后接定语从句的情况 1.当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”,关系词在从句中作状语)时,引导定 语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。如: What surprised me was not what he said but the way  he said it. 让我吃惊的不是他说的话,而是他说话的方式。 注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同,试比较: The way  he explained to us was quite simple. 他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。 The way  he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to under stand.

　　他向我们解释句子的那种方法不难理解。 2.先行词是time时,若time作“次数”讲,应用关系代词that引导定语从句, that可省略;若time作“一段时间,时代”讲,应用关系副词when或介词at/ during+which引导定语从句。如: This is the second time(that)the President has visited the country. 这是那个总统第二次访问这个国家了。 I could hardly remember how many times(that)I’ve failed. 我几乎记不清曾失败过多少次了。 There was a time when/during which there were no radios,no telephones or no TV sets. 曾经有一个时期,没有收音机,没有电话,也没有电视。 考点清单 知识清单 栏目索引 考点清单 知识清单 栏目索引 课标卷外研版 英语 语法专练三　定语从句 高频考点一　关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词包括:that,which,as,who,whom和whose。除了whose外其他的关 系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语,whose在从句中充当定语来修饰 名词。做题时首先找出从句和所修饰的先行词,然后分析从句结构(最好 把先行词代入从句),看看从句中究竟缺少什么成分,最后做出正确选 择。要注意以下几种情况: 考点清单 1.当先行词是指物的不定代词all,some,none,something,much,the one等时, 关系代词要用that。 2.当先行词前有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时,关系代词要用that。 3.当先行词中既有人又有物时,关系代词要用that。 4.that不能引导非限制性定语从句。 5.关系代词whose修饰从句中作主语的名词,表示“所属关系”,意为:… …的,既可以修饰人也可以修饰物。 6.当题干中出现such,the same时关系代词要用as,形成such...as,the same... as结构。 典例    (2017陕西,13)Please send us all the information     you have

　　about the candidate for the position.  答案　that  解析　句意:请把你拥有的关于竞聘这个职位的那个候选人的所有信息 发给我们。在本句中,先行词the information被all修饰,所以只能填关系代 词that,而不填which。 高频考点二　非限制性定语从句中关系代词as与which的区别

　　which as 位置上 一般放在先行词的后面 位置灵活,可位于句前、句中,也可置于句后 搭配上 无动词的限制 从句谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词,如:see,hear,know,expect,remember,guess,hope等 意思上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……,正像……的那样” 典例    (2017四川,4)Until now,we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children,    is quite unexpected.  答案　 which  解析　句意:到目前为止,我们已经为那些贫穷的孩子们筹款50,000英 镑,这非常出乎我们的意料。根据句子结构可知设空处引导非限制性定 语从句,先行词是前面整个句子,关系词在定语从句中作主语,所以填 which。 高频考点三　“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

　　构成 句法功能 用法 名词/代词+of+关系代词 主语 表示所属关系,名词前通常有定冠词修饰,可转化为“whose+名词”结构 数词+of+关系代词 主语 表示部分与整体的关系,数词还可以被some,many,most,each等不定代词替换 介词(短语)+关系代词 状语 有时可与关系副词互换,关系代词只能用which或whom,且不能省略 介词+关系代词+名词 状语 关系代词常用whose 典例    (2017天津,12)English is a language shared by several diverse cul- tures,each of     uses it differently.  答案　which  解析　句意:英语是一种被好几种不同的文化都使用的语言,而且每一 种文化使用它的方式也不同。设空处前后两部分之间既没有并列连词 也没有从属连词,故后面部分应为定语从句,又因为先行词是cultures,且 关系词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语,所以填which。 高频考点四　关系副词引导的定语从句 当关系词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表时间的 介词(如:in,at,on,during等)+which:where=表地点的介词(如:in,at,on,under 等)+which;why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which。 典例    (2017江苏,22)The book has helped me greatly in my daily communi- cation,especially at work    a good impression is a must.  答案　where  解析　句意:这本书对我的日常交流很有帮助,尤其是在那些必须给人留 下良好印象的工作中。根据句意填关系副词where。where引导定语从句, 在从句中作地点状语。 高频考点五　定语从句中的主谓一致

　　1.one of+复数名词+关系代词+复数形式动词。

　　2.the only one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数形式动词。 典例　Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who     (wear)evening dress.  答案　wears  解析　句意:Barbara是唯一穿晚礼服的女性,所以认出她很容易。先行词 为the only one of the women,关系词在从句中作主语,先行词的中心词是the only one,从句谓语动词与之保持一致,用单数且表状态,故填wears。 知识清单 知识清单　定语从句 一、限制性与非限制性定语从句 (一)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用;非限制性定语从句对先行词起 补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句中,先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔 开。如: He has two sons,who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.) 他有两个儿子,他们在同一家公司上班。 He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has more than two sons.) 他有两个在同一家公司上班的儿子。 (二)非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法 1.关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略; 2.who(主语),whom(宾语),which(主语,宾语)不能用that代替,也不能互相替 换; 3.在“介词+which/whom从句”结构中,介词不能移到从句的后面; 4.when,where,whose可用于非限制性定语从句中。 二、关系代词的用法 (一)关系代词的作用和分类 1.关系代词的作用有三个: (1)连接作用:关系代词引导从句,把从句和主句连接起来; (2)替代作用:关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词; (3)成分作用:关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。 2.关系代词的用法分类: 从句关系代词格 用于限制性和非限制性定语从句 用于限制性定语从句 指人 指物 既指人又指物 主格词 who which that 宾格词 who(m) 属格词 whose/of whom whose/of which whose 关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据: (1)根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性; (2)根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物; (3)根据它在从句中所充当的成分——主语、宾语、表语或定语。 (二)关系代词that 和which的用法 1.限制性定语从句中,必须用关系代词that的情况: (1)当先行词是不定代词all,much,little,something,everything,anything,noth- ing,none时。如: Do you have anything that you want to say? 你有什么要说的吗? You should hand in all that you have. 你应该把你有的都交上。 (2)当先行词前面有the only,the very(恰恰,正好),any,few,little,no,all等词修 饰时。如: This is the very bus that I’m waiting for. 这就是我正在等的公交车。 The only thing that we can do is(to)give you some money. 我们能做的唯一的事情就是给你一些钱。 (3)当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。如: This way is the best that has been used against pollution. 这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。 This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。 (4)当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。如: This train is the last that will go to Suzhou. 这是去苏州的最后一趟火车。 What is the first American film that you have seen? 你看过的第一部美国电影是什么? (5)当先行词既有人又有物时。如: Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?