2016届高考英语考前冲刺得分练：阅读理解经典精讲

　　第8讲 阅读理解经典精讲(上)

　　题一：

　　Sometimes，the simplest ideas are the best. For example，to absorb heat from the sun to heat water, you need large, flatblack surfaces. One way to do that is to build those surfaces specially, on the roofs of buildings. But why go to all that trouble when cities are full of black surfaces already, in the form of asphalt (柏油) roads?

　　Ten years ago, this thought came into the mind of Arian de Bondt, a Dutch engineer. He finally persuaded his boss to follow it up. The result is that their building is now heated in winter and cooled in summer by a system that relies on the surface of the road outside.

　　The heat collector is a system of connected water pipes. Most of them run from one side of the street to the other, just under the asphalt road. Some, however, dive deep into the ground.

　　When the street surface gets hot in summer, water pumped through the pipes picks up this heat and takes it underground through one of the diving pipes. At a depth of 100 meters lies a natural aquifer (蓄水层) into which several heat exchangers (交换器) have been built. The hot water from the street runs through these exchangers, warming the groundwater, before returning to the surface through another pipe. The aquifer is thus used as a heat store.

　　In winter, the working system is changed slightly. Water is pumped through the heat exchangers to pick up the heat stored during summer. This water goes into the building and is used to warm the place up. After performing that task, it is pumped under the asphalt and its remaining heat keeps the road free of snow and ice.

　　1. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?

　　A. Arian de Bondt got his idea from his boss.

　　B. Large, flat, black surfaces need to be built in cities.

　　C. The Dutch engineer’s system has been widely used.

　　D. Heat can also be collected from asphalt roads.

　　2. For what purpose are the diving pipes used?

　　A. To absorb heat from the sun.

　　B. To store heat for future use.

　　C. To turn solar energy into heat energy.

　　D. To carry heat down below the surface.

　　3. From the last paragraph we can learn that________.

　　A. some pipes have to be rearranged in winter

　　B. the system can do more than warming up the building

　　C. the exchangers will pick up heat from the street surface

　　D. less heat may be collected in winter than in summer

　　4. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?

　　A. What we shall do if the system goes wrong.

　　B. What we shall do if there are no asphalt roads.

　　C. How the system cools the building in summer.

　　D. How the system collects heat in spring and autumn.

　　题二：

　　Have you ever noticed the color of the water in a river or stream after a heavy rainfall? What do you think caused this change in color? It is soil that has been washed into the river from the riverbank or from the nearby fields.

　　Components of Soil

　　Soil is made up of a number of layers (层) , each having its own distinctive color and texture. The upper layer is known as the litter. It acts like a blanket，limiting temperature changes and reducing water loss. The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus (腐殖质), which is black and gives the topsoil its dark color. This layer is usually rich in nutrients, oxygen, and water. Below the topsoil is the subsoil, a layer that contains more stones mixed with only small amounts of organic matter. This layer is lighter in color because of the lack of humus. Beneath the soil lies a layer of bedrock.

　　Soil forms from the bottom up. Over time bedrock is attacked by rain, wind, frost, and snow. It is gradually broken down into smaller particles in a process called weathering. Plants begin to grow，and rotten materials enrich the topsoil. Most of the soil in Eastern Canada ，for example ，was formed from weathered rock that was exposed when the ice disappeared 12,000 years ago.

　　Water Beneath the Soil

　　Surface water collects and flows above the ground in lakes ，ponds, and rivers. Once in the soil or rock, it is called groundwater. Gravity pulls groundwater through the soil in a process called percolation(渗透). Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table. Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate.

　　As water percolates downward, it dissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them to deeper layers. This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth.

　　Soil pH

　　Soil can be acidic, neutral, or basic. The pH of the soil is determined by the nature of the rock from which it was formed，and by the nature of the plants that grow and rot in it.

　　The acidity of rain and snow can lower the pH of the groundwater that enters the soil. By burning fossil fuels such as coal ，oil and gasoline，humans have been contributing to higher levels of acidity in many soils. When fossil fuels are burned，gases are released into the air and then fall back to earth as acid rain. Acid soil increases the problem of carrying nutrients to lower soil levels. As nutrients are removed，soil is less fertile. Plants grow more slowly in acidic soil，and also become easily attacked by diseases.

　　1. The layer of soil that provides necessary nutrients for plant growth is called________.

　　A. litter 

　　B. Topsoil

　　C. humus

　　D. subsoil

　　2. According to the text, which of the following is NOT true?

　　A. Soil forms from weathered rock on the earth surface.

　　B. The deeper layer of soil is darker in color than the surface soil.

　　C. Air pollution is partially responsible for acid soil.

　　D. Groundwater tends to carry away nutrients for plant growth.

　　3. We can infer from the passage that the water table lies________.

　　A. between the topsoil layer and the subsoil layer

　　B. in the subsoil layer above bedrock

　　C. between the subsoil layer and bedrock

　　D. in the bedrock layer beneath the subsoil

　　4. The underlined word “dissolve” is used to express the idea that organic matter and minerals from soil are________.

　　A. rushed away into the river

　　B. cleaned and purified by water

　　C. destroyed and carried away by water

　　D. mixed with water and become part of it

　　第8讲 阅读理解经典精讲(上)

　　主讲教师：李俊和 北京四中英语教研组长

　　题一：语篇解读： 文章介绍了怎样依靠外面的柏油马路表面在冬天给楼房供暖，在夏天给楼房降温。

　　1. D

　　2. D

　　3. B

　　4. C

　　详解：

　　1. 细节判断题。由文章第二段最后一句话可以得出答案。

　　2. 细节判断题。由文章第四段第一句话的内容可以得出答案。

　　3. 推测判断题。由文章最后一段最后一句的内容可知，这一系统不仅能给楼房供暖，还可以使马路上的冰雪消融。

　　4. 文章结构题。前面谈到这一系统的工作原理以及冬天怎么给楼房供暖，下文应该讲的是夏天怎么给楼房降温。

　　题二：

　　语篇解读：本文是一篇科普文，介绍了土壤的构成与土壤的pH对于植物生长的影响。

　　答案：1. B 2. B

　　3. C

　　4. D

　　详解：

　　1. 考查细节理解。根据文章第二段中的“The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant…which is black and gives the topsoil its dark color. This layer is usually rich in nutrients”可知给植物提供必要营养的土层是topsoil layer。

　　2. 考查细节判断。根据文章第二段中的“Below the topsoil is the subsoil，a layer that contains more stones mixed with only small amounts of organic matter. This layer is lighter in color because of the lack of humus”可知，并不是土层深，它的颜色就深。

　　3. 考查细节理解。根据文章第四段中的“Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table. Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate”可知water table是位于bedrock之上的一个土层，它是独立存在的不属于其他层，因此选项C正确。

　　4. 考查词义猜测。根据本句中的“…and carries them to deeper layers”可知营养物质是在被水溶解之后才被带到更深的土层中去的。