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非谓语动词
1)动词不定式的形式、时态和语态
1. 动词不定式的基本形式为to+动词原形;否定式为not/never+to+动词原形
例句:The doctor advised me to take medicine. 医生建议我吃药。
He told me not to do so. 他叫我别那么做。
2. 动词不定式没有人称、数的变化,但是有时态和语态的变化:
(1)一般式:主动语态 被动语态to be done
(2)完成式:主动语态to have done; 被动语态to have been done
(3)进行式:主动语态to be doing; 被动语态(无)
(4)完成进行式:主动语态to have been doing; 被动语态(无)
2)动词不定式的用法
1. 不定式作名词的用法:不定式可以像名词一样,在句中做主语、表语、宾语和宾语补足语。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
They agreed to give it to me the next day.
他们同意第二天将它给我。
I dont wish the subject to be raised again.
我不希望再提起这个话题。
2. 不定式做副词的用法:不定式可做副词用,修饰动词或形容词,在句中作状语,表目的、原因、结果等。
He came to give us a talk yesterday.
他昨天来(为了)给我们作报告。
I am sorry to hear the sad news.
听到这个坏消息,我很难过。
I was too tired to move. 我累得不能动了。
3. 不定式作形容词的用法:不定式作形容词用时,修饰名词或代词,在句中担任定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后,二者在逻辑上即可是主谓关系,也可是动宾关系。当不定式被修饰的名词或代词在逻辑上是动宾关系,且不定式为不及物动词时,不定式后要加上相应的介词。
I have no friends to help me.
我没有朋友来帮助我。
I have too many things to do.
4.动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语(不定式短语)移到句子末尾。不定式前有时还会带一个of或for引导的逻辑主语。for sb前形容词表客观属性,of sb前形容词长表主观感情或态度。
It is difficult for the students to read the book.
学生们读这本书有点难。
It is careless of him to break the cup.
他太粗心了,把杯子打碎了。
在hope, demand, agree, refuse等候可接不定式作宾语,但不能接不定式作宾语补足语,即不能说hope/demand/agree/refuse sb. to do.
5.不定式主宾语补足语,如果与宾语在逻辑上是主谓关系,不定式做主动式,如果与宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系,不定式用被动式。
不定式与疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how等连用构成不定式短语,在句中可担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语等。
What to do is a big problem. 做什么是个大问题。
I didnt find out when to leave.我不清楚何时出发。
She will tell us where to go and when to start.
她将会告诉我们去哪里和什么时候出发。
The question is how to get there. 问题是如何到那儿去。
3)动词不定式的省略
1. 某些感官动词或使役动词用于主动语态时,作其宾语补足语的不定式省略to。
I heard her sing in the kitchen. 我听见她在厨房里唱歌。
2. 两个(以上)不定式并列,尤其是由and或or连接时,第二个不定式常常省略to。
I promised to finish my homework and (to) hand it on time.
我答应完成作业并按时交上。
3. but, except, besides等前有行为动词do时,后可跟不带to的不定式。
The enemy can do nothing but/except surrender.
敌人除了投降,别无选择。
4. 在had better do sth; had/would rather do sth; had/would rather do sth. than do sth; cannot but do sth. 等句型中,省略了to。
She would rather save money than buy clothes.
她宁愿攒钱也不想买衣服。
5. 一个动词在前面已经出现过,再次以不定式形式出现时,为避免重复,可省略不定式中的动词原形,而只保留了to。
He doesnt go jogging as he used to. 他不再像过去一样慢跑了。
当一个不定式被省略时,如为to do型不定式,to要保留下来,表示省略了一个不定式;如为to do型或to have done型不定式,则保留to,并加be或have。
A: Would you like to be a teacher? 你想当老师吗?
B: Yes, Id like to be. 是的,想。
4)动词不定式的重要句型
1. ask/tell sb. (not) to do sth. 表示请、告诉某人(不要)做某事。
Her mother asked her to wash the dishes.
她妈妈让她洗碗。
2. want/wish (sb.) to do sth. 表示想(让某人)去做某事。
I want/wish to be an actress. 我想成为一名女演员。
3. Hope to do sth. 表示希望做某事。
I hope to do it myself. 我希望亲自做这件事。
4. too+形容词、副词+(to) do sth. 表示太以至不能。
He was too nervous to say a word.
他太紧张了,以至于说不出一句话来。
5. too+for sb. to do sth. 表示对某人来说,太以至于不能。
It is too dark for him to see anything in the room.
6. 形容词+enough to do sth. 表示太(以至)能。
My son is old enough to go to school.
我儿子足够大了,到了上学的年龄了。
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