OilRefining
An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil War.Crude oil, or petroleum -- a dark, thick ooze from the earth -- had beenknown for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it. In the1850s Samuel M. Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, begancollecting the oil from local seepages and refining it into kerosene.Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a rawmaterial.
Kerosene was used to light lamps. It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becomingharder to get. Soon there was a large demand for kerosene. People began tosearch for new supplies of petroleum.The first oil well was drilled by E. L.Drake, a retired railroad conductor. In 1859 he began drillingin Titusville, Pennsylvania. The whole venture seemed so impractical andfoolish that onlookers called it Drakes Folly. But when he had drilled down about 70 feet , Drake struck oil.His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.
News of Drakes success brought oil prospectors tothe scene. By the early 1860s these wildcatters were drilling forblack gold all over western Pennsylvania. The boom rivaled theCalifornia gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and WildWest atmosphere. And it brought far more wealth to the prospectorsthan any gold rush.Crude oil could be refined into many products. For someyears kerosene continued to be the principal one. It was sold in grocerystores and door-to-door. In the 1880s refiners learned how to make other petroleumproducts such as waxes and lubricating oils. Petroleum was not then usedto make gasoline or heating oil.
全文翻译:炼油
一种重要的新兴工业--炼油业在国内战争后成长起来。未加工的石油,或原油--一种深 色的地下的稠浆--数百年来一直为大众所知,但是人们却很少使用过它。在十九世纪五十 年代,萨缪尔M科尔,宾西法尼亚西部的一位制造商,开始从当地的溢出物中收集石油并将它炼成煤油。与冶炼矿石一样,石油提炼是一个从未加工的原料中除去杂质的过程。煤 油被用来点灯。
它是鲸油的一种便宜的替代品,而鲸油正变得越来越难以获得。不久就产生了对煤油的大量需求。人们开始寻找新的石油供应。第一口油井为 EL瑞克,一个退休的火车检票员所钻得。1859年他开始在宾西法尼亚的泰特斯维尔钻井。整个的这项冒险事业看起来是如此不现实和愚蠢以致旁观者称之为鸭子的蠢行。但当瑞克往下钻至 70 英尺的时候,他发现了石油。他的油井从此每天生产20 桶原油。瑞克成功的 消息将石油勘探者们吸引到现场。 截止到 19 世纪 60 年代早期,这些冒险者为寻找黑色的 金子钻探遍了整个宾西法尼亚西部。 这项繁荣的事业在刺激性和粗犷的西部气氛上可与1848 年的加州淘金热相媲美,而且它为勘探者带来了远超过淘金潮的财富。原油能被提炼成许多产品。多年以来煤油一直是主要的一种产品。
它在杂货店中出售由人挨户推销。19 世纪八十九十年代炼油者们懂得了生产其它石油产品,如蜡和润滑油。那时石油还没有被用来制造汽油或采暖装置用油。
雅思口语8分感想:考场注意事项(下)
雅思口语的训练方法及应试策略
备考指导:雅思口试的通关之道
雅思口语第一部分常考问题(Clothing)
实例解析雅思口语备考要点
雅思口语素材:书籍相关的实用词汇和句型
雅思口语常用谚语20条
雅思考试的应试小技巧
雅思口语:语音词汇和语法的三个问题
雅思口语常考话题卡片分类整理(3)
雅思口语Part 3的典型话题
雅思口语常考话题卡片分类整理(2)
雅思口语part 2经典话题
雅思口语第一部分常考问题(Holidays)
考官谈是雅思口语测评标准
雅思口语Part 2的典型话题
学习心得:雅思与托福不完全比较
世辩赛学雅思口语-A food:Bolt
雅思口语考试实话实说一样顺利过关
雅思词汇知识丰富你的雅思口语表达
看美剧学雅思:《gossip girl》中的经典口语句型(2)
雅思口语备考的一些建议
考生分享:雅思口语9分如何炼成
雅思口语快速突破的四大着力点
雅思口语考试经验:把握好三个阶段
世辩赛学雅思口语:A restaurant
专家指点:雅思口语究竟怎么练
世辩赛学雅思口语:Part 2之Place
雅思口语8分感想:过程与经验(上)
看美剧学雅思:《gossip girl》中的经典口语句型(3)
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |