Chapter 2
The Development of the English Vocabulary
1.The Indo-European Language Family
2.A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary
1) Three Historical Periods of English Development
(1) Old English (450-1150)
The beginning of Old English is marked by the arrival of the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. People generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English.Old English is a highly inflected language. In this period, many latin words and Scandinavian words came into the English language.
(2)Middle English (1150-1500)
Middle English period began with the Norman conquest. In this period, many words of French and Dutch origins were borrowed into English. Middle English was charaterized by its losses of many inflectional endings so that it was a language of levelled endings.
(3)Modern English(1500-Now)
Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. Because of the influence of the Renaissance Movement, many words of Latin and Greek origins, etc came into English. Also because of the fast development in science and technology, many new words were created. Though borrowing remained an important means of English vocabulary expansion, yet more words were created through word formation
3.Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary
1)Major Causes of Present-day English Vocabulary Expansion
(1) the rapid development of modern science and technology
(2)the social, economic and political changes
(3)the influence of other cultures and languages
4.Modes of Vocabulary Development
1) creation: It refers to the use of existing materials such
as the word-forming stems to create new words.
2) semantic change: It means that an old form picks up a new
meaning.
3)borrowing: It means borrowing words from other languages.
Chapter 3
Word Formation I
1.Morphemes
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of a language.
2.Allomorphs
Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph. Such alternative morphs of a morpheme are called allomorphs.
3.Types of Morphemes
1) Free Morphemes
Free morphemes are those which usually have complete meanings in themselves and can be used freely or independently as words.
2) Bound Morphemes
Bound morphemes have to be bound with other morphemes to form words and can not be used independently as words.
3) Free Roots
Free roots are free morphemes. They are identical with root words.
4)Bound Roots
A bound root, like a free root, is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning of a word, but unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to be bound with other morphemes to form words.
5)Affixes
Affixes are forms that are attached to stems to modify meaning or function. Almost all the affixes are bound.
6)Inflectional Affixes
An inflectional affix is one attached to the end of a word to convey grammatical meaning or grammatical relation, such as tense, case, number, comparative or superlative degree, etc.
7)Derivational Affixes
A derivational affix is one that is added to the beginning or the end of a word in order to create a new word. Derivational affixes can be divided into prefixes and suffixes.
8)Prefixes
Prefixes are the morphemes that occur at the beginning of a word. They modify the meaning of a stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
9)Suffixes
Suffixes occur at the end of stems. Though they can modify the meanings of the original words, their chief function is to change the parts of speech of words.
4.Root and Stem
1) Root
A root is the basic form of a word which can not be further analysed without total loss of identity. It carries the main component of the meaning of a word. It can also be defined as that part of a word which remains after all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.
2) Stem
A stem can be defined as a any form to which an affix can be added.
英语听力:第21届国际木偶节于成都开幕
英语听力视频:新发现揭开2012年世界末日的神话
英语听力:美国19岁男生为同性恋婚姻的辩护(视频)
英语听力:美国熊孩子如何看热门视频—复仇者联盟
新东方杯口语大赛武汉赛区海选正式拉开帷幕
英语听力视频:"最美女教师"张丽莉术后恢复
英语听力:《大独裁者》卓别林最后的演讲(视频)
China releases 1st report on danger of smoking
英语听力:殿堂级吃货必看-舌尖上的中国
英美大不同相声版(视频)
这就是新东方英语篮球营的魅力
英语听力:福尔摩斯代言捷豹的采访(双语视频)
英语听力视频:比尔•盖茨向中国人民拜年(双语)
国王的演讲:乔治六世对德宣战演讲原声(双语视频)
英语演讲:卓别林有史以来最伟大的演讲(双语视频)
英语听力视频:西藏先心病儿童来京手术
英语听力:奥巴马在巴纳德学院毕业典礼上的讲话
国际奥委会公布2020年奥运会3申办候选城市名单
牛人超强英文解说:10分钟了解中国(视频)
英语听力视频:舞者们加紧进行奥林匹克运动会排练
英语听力视频:欧洲旅游公司将希腊排除出欧洲区
Olympic torch scales Snowdon in Wales
英语视频听力:黄河壶口瀑布吸引游客前往
英语听力视频:希腊传奇人物Manolis Glezos
同传现场:胡锦涛夏威夷会见奥巴马谈双边关系(视频)
英语听力:雷霆大胜湖人4-1进西区决赛
视频:美国副总统拜登、国务卿克林顿设宴迎习近平访美
英语听力:世界最高电视塔在东京开放
英语听力视频:法国准备第65届戛纳国际电影节
英语听力视频:英国女王钻石银禧庆典举行
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |