Chapter 2
The Development of the English Vocabulary
1.The Indo-European Language Family
2.A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary
1) Three Historical Periods of English Development
(1) Old English (450-1150)
The beginning of Old English is marked by the arrival of the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. People generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English.Old English is a highly inflected language. In this period, many latin words and Scandinavian words came into the English language.
(2)Middle English (1150-1500)
Middle English period began with the Norman conquest. In this period, many words of French and Dutch origins were borrowed into English. Middle English was charaterized by its losses of many inflectional endings so that it was a language of levelled endings.
(3)Modern English(1500-Now)
Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. Because of the influence of the Renaissance Movement, many words of Latin and Greek origins, etc came into English. Also because of the fast development in science and technology, many new words were created. Though borrowing remained an important means of English vocabulary expansion, yet more words were created through word formation
3.Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary
1)Major Causes of Present-day English Vocabulary Expansion
(1) the rapid development of modern science and technology
(2)the social, economic and political changes
(3)the influence of other cultures and languages
4.Modes of Vocabulary Development
1) creation: It refers to the use of existing materials such
as the word-forming stems to create new words.
2) semantic change: It means that an old form picks up a new
meaning.
3)borrowing: It means borrowing words from other languages.
Chapter 3
Word Formation I
1.Morphemes
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of a language.
2.Allomorphs
Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph. Such alternative morphs of a morpheme are called allomorphs.
3.Types of Morphemes
1) Free Morphemes
Free morphemes are those which usually have complete meanings in themselves and can be used freely or independently as words.
2) Bound Morphemes
Bound morphemes have to be bound with other morphemes to form words and can not be used independently as words.
3) Free Roots
Free roots are free morphemes. They are identical with root words.
4)Bound Roots
A bound root, like a free root, is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning of a word, but unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to be bound with other morphemes to form words.
5)Affixes
Affixes are forms that are attached to stems to modify meaning or function. Almost all the affixes are bound.
6)Inflectional Affixes
An inflectional affix is one attached to the end of a word to convey grammatical meaning or grammatical relation, such as tense, case, number, comparative or superlative degree, etc.
7)Derivational Affixes
A derivational affix is one that is added to the beginning or the end of a word in order to create a new word. Derivational affixes can be divided into prefixes and suffixes.
8)Prefixes
Prefixes are the morphemes that occur at the beginning of a word. They modify the meaning of a stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
9)Suffixes
Suffixes occur at the end of stems. Though they can modify the meanings of the original words, their chief function is to change the parts of speech of words.
4.Root and Stem
1) Root
A root is the basic form of a word which can not be further analysed without total loss of identity. It carries the main component of the meaning of a word. It can also be defined as that part of a word which remains after all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.
2) Stem
A stem can be defined as a any form to which an affix can be added.
愿“缪斯女神”一路走好
抓狂的时候如何用英语来吐槽?
你了解怎么形容聚会吗?
当"FOOD"不只是食物,还有可能是人的时候
矛盾修辞,让你的口语生动又形象
“美国叛徒”斯诺登抨击俄罗斯人权,自称忠于美国
如何用英文吐槽东西难吃?
探讨中国式教育
各种“笑”的英文表达方式
“凑份子”的英语怎么说
英语单词“get”的用法,你真的get了吗?
综艺节目掀起的网络热潮
回味里约奥运会的精彩瞬间
如何“摆架子”:怎么用英文来“装”?
赞美让交流更容易,你知道如何用英语赞美别人吗?
挑战英语绕口令,你能坚持住吗?
FOR SONG 是什么意思?便宜货?
十二个月在英语中的故事
《小王子》节选
15个实用口语
“某人疯了”的花式表达,你知道多少
影片中青春不同的表达方式
“网络口水战”再次升级
“牵着鼻子走”怎么用英语表达,你知道吗?
美国的点披萨方式
英式客套话,你听得懂多少?
婚姻中的不忠行为,用英语如何表达“出轨”
致大学新生的建议
年度热血男人戏
怎样让别人知道,你的记忆掉线了?
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |