英语句子千变万化,但都有一定的句法。有些句子,外表相似,但含义不同。有时两个句子中,只有一个字不同,甚至只有一个标点不同,句子的意思也跟着不同。有趣的是,句子越浅白,问题可能越多。
现在看看这两个句子:
(1) Ken said he had been fairly well treated.
(2) Ken said he had been fairly treated.
这两个句子都有副词fairly,但是在(1)里,它是个程度副词(adverb of degree),意思是相当地。在(2)里,它是个状态副词(adverb of manner),意思是公平地。第一个fairly修饰另一个副词well;第二个fairly修饰动词treated。
再看看这两个句子:
(3) Jimmy didnt buy the coat because it did not fit him.
(4) Jimmy didnt buy the coat because it did not suit him.
(3)和(4)的唯一差别是在动词fit和suit。前者指尺寸;后者指款式。区区一字之别,意思大不相同。
最后,比较下面四组句子,看看它们又如何形似义异:
(5) Samuel, the manager, told me that he was leaving the job.
(6) Samuel, the manager, told me to leave the job.
这两句主要的不同根源在told这动词的内涵。(5)里的间接引语(indirect speech)是个陈述句(declarative sentence)。(6)里的间接引语是个祈使句(imperative sentence)。这两句的直接引语(direct speech)如下:
- I am leaving the job, said Samuel, the manager.
- Leave the job ! said Samuel, the manager.
(7) The tourist spent two days in Singapore.
(8) The tourist spent two days on Singapore.
这两句的差别仅在介词in和on。
(7)里的意思就是旅客在新加坡观光两天。(8)里的目的不是观光,而是研究。(7)里指的是spending time sightseeing Singapore。 (8)里指的是spending time studying about Singapore.
(9) I had a view of the London Bridge.
(10) I had a view from the London Bridge.
这两句的差别也在两个不同的介词:of 和from。
在(9)里,伦敦大桥是说话人观看的目标。在(10)里,伦敦大桥是说话人的立足点,去看别的东西。
(11) John helped her do the office work.
(12) John helped her to do the office work.
(11)表示约翰直接和全面的帮助她,从而减轻她的负担。(12)并不指直接投入有关的工作,而是以其他方式协助她,让她完成自己的任务。
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