高考英语语法：不定式、现在分词和过去分词作宾补的区别

　　【小编编语】今天查字典英语网小编教给同学们的是高考英语语法：不定式、现在分词和过去分词作宾补的区别，一起来学习下吧!

　　当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不定式(未来或全过程)或现在分词(正在进行或一直处于某种状态);当宾语与作宾补的动词在逻辑上是被动关系时，用过去分词。现根据不同动词的不同用法分述如下，请在下列各例句中仔细体会不定式、现在分词或过去分词作补足语的区别。

　　■通常用带to的不定式作宾补的动词

　　这类动词很多，常见的有：ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise,

　　order, force, cause, allow, permit, forbid, warn, remind, teach, send, call on, wait for, would like / love / prefer等表示劝请、要求类动词后，用带to的不定式作宾补。如：

　　1. My advisor encouraged ________ a summer course to improve my writing skills. (北京卷)

　　A. for me taking B. me taking

　　C. for me to take D. me to take

　　【分析】答案选D。encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事。

　　2. The teacher asked us ________ so much noise. (北京卷)

　　A. don’t make B. not make

　　C. not making D. not to make

　　【分析】答案选D。即ask sb. not to do sth. 叫某人不要做某事。

　　3. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ________. (全国卷)

　　A. not to B. not to do

　　C. not do it D. do not do

　　【分析】答案选A。tell sb. (not) to do sth. ,排除C和D;当不定式的动词是前面己出现过的相同的动词时，为避免重复，通常省略to后的内容，只保留to。

　　4. The patient was warned ________ oily food after the operation. (全国卷)

　　A. to eat not B. eating not

　　C. not to eat D. not eating

　　【分析】答案选C。本句是warn sb. not to do sth. (警告某人不做某事)的被动式。

　　注：①在help后作宾补的不定式带不带to均可;②在hope, suggest, agree, decide, demand等后不可接sb. to do sth. ③want, wish等后接to be done作宾补时，to be可省略，直接过去分词作宾补。如：

　　When do you wish it (to be) finished? 你要什么时候完成?

　　■在使役动词后作宾补的不定式不带to

　　在使役动词make, let, have后，一般用不带to的不定式作宾补，但在其被动式后作主语补足语时，要加上to。如：

　　1. Though he had often made his little sister ________, today he was made ________ by his little sister.

　　A. cry, to cry B. crying, crying

　　C. cry, cry D. to cry, cry

　　【分析】答案选A。在make sb. 后作宾补的不定式不带to，但在被动式中加to。

　　2. Paul doesn’t have to be made ________. He always works hard. (全国卷)

　　A. learn B. to learn

　　C. learned D. learning

　　【分析】答案选B。be made后作主补的不定式要加to。

　　■在感官动词后作宾补的非谓语动词形式

　　感官动词feel, listen to, hear, see, look at, watch, notice等后面的宾语与作宾补的非谓语动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不带to的(在被动式后作主补时要加to)不定式(全过程)或者现在分词作宾补(正在发生)，是被动关系是时，用过去分词作宾补。如：

　　1. They knew her very well. They had seen her ________ up from childhood. (全国卷)

　　A. grow B. grew

　　C. was growing D. to grow

　　【分析】答案选A。作宾补不能用谓语动词，排除B和C;感观动词see后要用不带to的不定式作宾补，表示整个过程，排除D。

　　2. The missing boy were last seen ________ near the river. (全国卷)

　　A. playing B. to be playing

　　C. play D. to play

　　【分析】答案选A。指片断，看到时，他正在河边玩，而不是玩的整个过程。句意为：人们最后一次看到那个失踪的男孩的时候，他在河边玩。

　　3. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ________ the next year. (全国卷)

　　A. carried out B. carrying out

　　C. carry out D. to carry out

　　【分析】答案选A。句中that引导一个定语从句，它代表the plan并在从句中作see的宾语，宾语that(the plan)与宾补carry out是被动关系，因此，用过去分词作宾补，即see the plan carried out the next year.

　　■在介词with后作宾补的非谓语动词形式

　　在with的宾语后，若用过去分词，表示宾语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系，且意味着该动作已经完成或;若用现在分词，表示宾语与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系，且表示动作的持续进行;若用带to的不定式，则表示将来的动作，宾语与不定式在逻辑上可以是主动关系也可以是被动关系，注意此时的不定式不是作宾补而是作宾语的定语了。如：

　　1. The murderer was brought in, with his hands ________ behind his back. (全国卷)

　　A. being tied B. having tied

　　C. to be tied D. tied

　　【分析】答案选D。his hand与tie是被动关系，且带进时应己捆绑好了，表示“被动、完成用过去分词作宾补。

　　2. With a lot of difficult problems ________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. (上海春)

　　A. settled B. setting

　　C. to settle D. being settled

　　【分析】答案选C。由语境可知，问题还没有解决，用不定式指将来的动作。

　　3. Peter soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 彼得很快睡着了，灯仍然亮着。(burning表示持续进行)

　　■其宾语后可用分词或不定式的4个动词

　　在leave, want, get, have等动词的宾语后面可接现在分词、过去分词或动词不定式。现分述如下：

　　①leave…doing让…一直(主动、持续进行);leave…to do让…去做(主动、将来);leave…done(被动)。如：

　　Don’t leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth. (天津卷)

　　A. run B. running

　　C. being run D. to run

　　【分析】答案选B。the water与run是主动关系，又表示持续进行，用现在分词作宾补。另外，请比较：leave the door firmly fastened让门紧闭着; leave her to do as she likes让她去做她喜欢做的事。

　　②want sb. doing希望某人做某事(多用于否定);want sb. to do要某人做某事;want sth. done=want sth. to be done(被动)。如：

　　I don’t want you arriving late. 我希望你不要迟到。(主动、否定句)

　　I want the letter (to be) opened now. 我现在就想把这封信拆开。(被动)

　　③get sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事(主动、将来); get…doing使…处于某一状态中(主动、持续); get…done=have sth. done请人做 / 遭受(被动)。如：

　　I’ll try to get her ________ the doctor. (上海卷)

　　A. see B. seeing

　　C. to see D. for seeing

　　【分析】答案选C。get sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事。请比较：get the children talking让孩子说起话来;get the computer repaired将电脑送去修理;get his wrist broken折断了手腕。

　　④have sth. done=get sth. done请人做某事; have sb / sth. doing sth. 使某人 / 某物一直做某事或者处于某种状态;have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事(见使役动词);have sth. to do有事要做(见非谓语动词作定语部分)。如：

　　1. She had her audience listening attentively. 他使观众听得入神。

　　2. He didn’t keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch ________. (上海卷)

　　A. to repair B. repaired

　　C. repairing D. repair

　　【分析】答案选B。his watch与repair是被动关系，用过去分词作宾补。

　　■可用分词但不用to do作补语的5个动词

　　keep, find等后可用现在分词(主动)或过去分词(被动)作补语，一般不用to do。在catch(撞见), smell(闻到), start(使)等后通常只接现在分词作补语，不用不定式或过去分词。如：

　　1. It was so cold that they kept the fire ________ all night. (全国卷)

　　A. to burn B. burnt

　　C. burning D. burned

　　【分析】答案选C。keep…doing让…一直保持某种状态：让那盆火整夜燃着。

　　2. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ________ in the kitchen. (全国卷)

　　A. smoke B. smoking

　　C. to smoke D. smoked

　　【分析】答案选B。find后一般不能用to do作补语。he与smoke是主动的，用ing形式作主语补语。

　　3. He looked around and caught a man ________ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. (安徽卷)

　　A. put B. to be putting

　　C. to put D. putting

　　【分析】答案选D。后通常只接现在分词作补语，catch sb. doing sth. 撞见某人在做某事。

　　4. The salesman scolded the girl caught ________ and let her off. (全国卷)

　　A. to have stolen B. to be stealing

　　C. to steal D. stealing

　　【分析】答案选D。caught stealing=who was caught stealing，本句相当于：The salesman caught the girl stealing. He scolded her and then let her off.

　　■可用to be或to have done作补语的9个动词

　　在表示“认为的think, consider, believe, suppose, prove, find, understand, judge, imagine等动词后，可跟to be作补语(认为…是…)，一般不跟to do;但在think, consider, believe等之后可跟to have done作补语(认为…做了…)。如：

　　Charles Babage is generally considered ________ the first computer. (全国卷)

　　A. to have invented B. inventing

　　C. to invent D. having invented

　　【分析】答案选A。本题是consider sb. to have done的被动式。

　　■make oneself 后常用understood等过去分词作宾补

　　make oneself understood / heard / seen / known让别人明白自己的意思 / 让自己讲的话被别人听到 / 让自己被别人看到 / 让自己被别人认识。如：

　　1. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________. (全国卷)

　　A. hear B. to hear

　　C. hearing D. heard

　　【分析】答案选D。make himself heard让他讲的话被别人听到。

　　2. Helen had to shout ________ above the sound of the music. (广西卷)

　　A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear

　　C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard

　　【分析】答案选D。使自己讲的话被别有听到，用make oneself heard，排除A和B;作目的状语用不定式，排除C。

　　■ 在be said / reported等后用不定式

　　在be said, be reported, be believed, be supposed, be thought等后面，以及要求接不定式。

　　1. He was reported to have broken the world record. 据报道他打破了世界纪录.(=It is reported that he has broken the world record. )

　　2. The flu is believed ________by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. (上海卷)

　　A. cause B. being caused

　　C. to be caused D. to have caused

　　【分析】答案选C。be believed后要接动词不定式，排除A和B;又因为the flu与cause是被动关系，所以要用不定式的被动式.The flu is believed to be caused…=It is believed / People believe that the flu is caused…人们认为…

　　3. Robert is said ________ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. (全国卷)

　　A. to have studied B. to study

　　C. to be studying D. to have been studying

　　【分析】答案选A。由studied可知，他曾到国外留过学，“留学这个动作已结束并发生在谓语动作

　　(is said)之前，所以要用完成式。Robert is said to have studied abroad…=It is said that Robert studied

　　abroad…据说……