2017届高考英语一轮语法专题复习学案：第2部分 专题1 名词（新人教版）

　　◆名词的核心考点

　　1．可数名词的数

　　这里主要讲其不规则变化。

　　(1)单、复数同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂)，cattle。

　　(2)合成名词的复数。如：boyfriend→boyfriends，go­between→go­betweens(中间人)，grown­up→grown­ups。

　　(3)有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物，wages工资，riches财富，surroundings环境，ashes灰尘，compasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb.同某人吵架，in high spirits情绪高涨地，give one’s regards to sb.向某人问好，in rags衣衫褴褛，It is good manners to do sth.做某事是有礼貌的。

　　(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people，cattle，police；有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。

　　2．不可数名词的数

　　(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：

　　①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。

　　抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词，可数名词)

　　in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事

　　win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)

　　win honour赢得荣誉 an honour一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事)

　　failure失败 a failure一个失败者/一件失败的事

　　by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历

　　with pleasure乐意 a pleasure一件乐事

　　②抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。

　　A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.

　　Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?

　　It is a waste of time reading such a novel.

　　She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.

　　(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。

　　物质名词有形或数的相应物体时，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。

　　3．名词所有格

　　(1)’s所有格

　　the boy’s mother，the children’s toys，the teachers’ books，Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(共用)，Lucy’s and Lily’s bedrooms(各自的)

　　(2)“of＋名词”所有格

　　the roof of the house，the cover of the book，the name of the girl wearing a red coat，a picture of my father(＝a picture that my father is in)

　　(3)双重所有格

　　a friend of my brother’s(＝one of my brother’s friends)，a picture of my father’s(＝one of my father’s pictures)

　　(4)“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：

　　①用于表示人的名词或表集体、机构的名词后，如：Tom’s home，the doctor’s，the company’s new factory等。

　　②用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today’s newspaper，five minutes’ walk(drive)，five pounds’ weight，ten dollars’ worth of coffee。

　　③用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后，如：the world’s population，China’s industry，New York’s parks。

　　(5)所有格的句法功能

　　①表所有关系 Jack’s brother

　　②表主谓关系 Mr Wang’s praise

　　③表动宾关系 the famous star’s admirers

　　④表修饰关系 a doctor’s degree

　　⑤表同位关系(只用of所有格)the city of Beijing

　　4．名词的功能

　　(1)可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语

　　Mary turned nurse.

　　He bought a new book.

　　We made him monitor of our class.

　　(2)作定语

　　英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。

　　①分类意义

　　air pollution空气污染boy friend男朋友

　　coffee cup咖啡杯

　　body language身体语言

　　road accident交通事故

　　the Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖

　　②时间、地点、称呼等

　　Doctor Jack杰克医生

　　Professor Li李教授

　　evening school夜校

　　winter sleep冬眠

　　③表目的、手段、来源、所属意义

　　reception desk接待台

　　sports field田径场

　　stone table石桌

　　color TV彩电

　　(3)作状语

　　名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。

　　The war lasted eight years.

　　(4)作同位语

　　Tom，our monitor，left school last year.

　　◆名词与语法填空

　　在语法填空中，对于名词的考查主要涉及可数名词的复数、名词的所有格以及词类变换。

　　典题试做1

　　用括号内所给词的正确形式填空

　　1．In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their

　　(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　ability

　　解析　形容词性物主代词their之后应当用名词，故将able转化为其名词形式ability。

　　2．I’d skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese

　　(painting)．(2015·全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　paintings

　　解析　由于该名词由so many修饰，故填该名词的复数形式paintings。

　　3．While there are amazing stories of instant transformation，for most of us the

　　(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.Just be patient.(2017·新课标全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　changes

　　解析　考查名词复数。前面是定冠词the，因此后面要用名词，再由谓语动词are可知此空要用其名词的复数形式，故填changes。

　　4．I feel my legs shaking.I cannot do this any longer...Unbelievable！Oh...，if you don’t mind，I’ll stop and take a deep

　　.(2017·辽宁)

　　答案　breath

　　解析　考查根据上下文语境填词。根据语境可知，说话者对于现在正在进行的活动感到体力不支，因此需要停下来深吸一口气。take a deep breath深吸一口气。

　　5．But Jane knew from past experience that her

　　(choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.(2009·广东)

　　答案　choice

　　解析　空格前有形容词性物主代词，所以空格处应填名词，choose的名词形式是choice。

　　应对策略1

　　首先要弄清数与格，即名词是否该用复数，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有关名词的构词法，即有关名词的词类转换。这就要求考生要搞清楚名词在句中作什么成分，近几年常考名词作主语、宾语、表语的情况。

　　◆名词与短文改错

　　短文改错中对于名词的考查最可能考查名词的数与格。汉语中的名词在形式上没有复数变化，而是通过在其前加数词或量词等方式来表示。而英语则不同，除了在名词前加数词外，如果是可数名词，还须用其名词复数形式，而不可数名词没有复数形式。其次名词的考查还会涉及词性转换方面的错误。

　　典题试做2

　　单句改错(每小题1处错误)

　　1．The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.(2015·全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　airs→air

　　解析　由后面的定语从句we breathe in可知，此处先行词的意思是“空气”，air当“空气”讲时为不可数名词。故airs改为air。

　　2．One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.It was...his parents were missing...Tony saw his parents.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　parent→parents

　　解析　从后文可以看出Tony的父母一起和他去的购物中心，后文两次出现parents，所以应该将parent改为parents。

　　3．As I told you last time，I made three new friend here.(2015·四川)

　　答案　friend→friends

　　解析　名词friend为可数名词，其前有three修饰，需要用复数形式，故把friend改成friends。

　　4．My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made from glass.(2015·浙江)

　　答案　side→sides

　　解析　前面有three修饰，故side要用复数形式sides。

　　5．Mum taught me some basic step of baking.(2015·陕西)

　　答案　step→steps

　　解析　根据前面的some可知，step应该用复数形式。

　　6．For example，we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　第一个hour→hours

　　解析　由one and a half可知，hour应用复数形式。

　　7．We’ve called several time about Cleo’s early morning barking.(2017·辽宁)

　　答案　time→times

　　解析　time在此处意为“次数”，为可数名词，再根据前面的several可知，应用times。

　　8．This made for the grow in the porcelain industry.(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　grow→growth

　　解析　定冠词the后面应跟名词形式，故grow应改为growth。

　　9．He has ruined his healthy.(2017·辽宁)

　　答案　healthy→health

　　解析　在形容词性物主代词后应用名词，所以应把healthy改为health。

　　10．When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes.(2011·新课标全国)

　　答案　friend→friend’s

　　解析　根据句意可知，当我最后到达“我朋友的家”(my friend’s)时，他借给我许多衣服。故friend应改为friend’s。

　　应对策略2

　　遇到名词首先注意区分它是可数名词还是不可数名词；其次还可以根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断。此外，还要注意名词的所有格以及名词的句法功能，判断是否存在词性转换方面的错误。

　　◆书面表达中名词易错点聚焦

　　1．写作中对于复数名词易疏漏­s或­es，如：

　　(误)I’d love to make friend with you.

　　(误)All the picture displayed are of great value.

　　2．部分名词的复数变化错误，如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，woman doctors，tooths，childrens，medias。

　　3．部分词性易混作名词，如：

　　动词误作名词 形容词误作名词

　　动词 名词 形容词 名词

　　succeed success honest honesty

　　affect effect healthy health

　　4．可数与不可数名词混淆。如：

　　不可数 可数

　　take action take measures

　　some advice some suggestions

　　take exercise eye exercises

　　make progress

　　information

　　Ⅰ.单句语法填空

　　1．He had witnessed too many

　　(die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier，in which 40,000 people were killed，wounded or missing.

　　答案　deaths

　　解析　考查词性转换。这里指的是“死亡”，是可数名词，在句中作及物动词witness的宾语，空前的too many暗示应用death的复数形式。

　　2．Apple’s new machine，the Lisa，proved to be an expensive

　　(fail)．

　　答案　failure

　　解析　考查派生词的用法。从空前的“an expensive”可知此处缺少一个名词，故填failure。failure在此处意为“失败的事”，为可数名词。

　　3．I ran into my neighbor，Dennis，yesterday afternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to the theater.He had season tickets but couldn’t go to this

　　(perform)．

　　答案　performance

　　解析　根据this的提示可知，此处应该使用perform的名词形式。

　　4．Tourism should also advance the wealth and

　　(happy) of local inhabitants.

　　答案　happiness

　　解析　根据and平行关系及其前名词wealth可知，应填happy的名词形式。

　　5．These people have made great

　　(contribute) to China with their work.

　　答案　contributions

　　解析　考查固定短语make contributions to“对……作贡献”。

　　6．They get advice from “

　　(strange)”．When they need advice，they don’t usually go to people they know.

　　答案　strangers

　　解析　考查名词的复数。根据下一句中的“don’t”及“people they know”可知，空处意为“陌生人(stranger)”。stranger为可数名词，其前面没有限定词，应填复数形式。

　　7．My first

　　(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.

　　答案　impression

　　解析　形容词性物主代词my之后应当用名词，故应填impress的名词形式impression。

　　8．Those who suffer from headache will find they get

　　(relieve) from this medicine.

　　答案　relief

　　解析　动词get后缺少宾语，故应用relieve的名词形式relief。get relief from因……得到缓解。

　　9．—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?

　　—Well，you know，English is my

　　(strong)．So it is my best choice.

　　答案　strength

　　解析　分析句子结构可知，谓语动词is后缺少表语，故应填strong的名词形式strength。

　　10．I made a

　　(decide) to look at the flight monitors to see if there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.

　　答案　decision

　　解析　考查词性转换。make a decision意为“作出一个决定”。

　　Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题1处错误)

　　1．Within the next few minute，my grandfather also caught a fish.

　　答案　minute→minutes

　　2．You told me the name of different plants and their characteristics.

　　答案　name→names

　　3．Mom，I know I have never expressed my thank to you before.

　　答案　thank→thanks

　　4．The food was wonderful with reasonable prices，and we enjoyed several local dish.

　　答案　dish→dishes

　　5．Another way is to watch our everyday use of water and electric at home.

　　答案　electric→electricity

　　6．From the time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each of my toy.

　　答案　toy→toys

　　7．We，as well as animal，cannot live without water and neither agriculture nor industry can go without it.

　　答案　animal→animals

　　8．In early January this year，the rate of UFO reports was steady，around three per weeks.

　　答案　weeks→week

　　9．Tom was having much troubles getting up in the morning and was always late for work.

　　答案　troubles→trouble

　　10．It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.

　　答案　luggages→luggage

　　Ⅲ.语法填空

　　A(名词专练)

　　Born on August 23,1988 in America，Jeremy Shu­How Lin is a professional basketball 1.player(play) with the Huston Rockets 2.of the National Basketball Association (NBA)．But，to some degree，many Chinese fans and 3.coaches(coach) take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him 4.a Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China.

　　Jeremy Lin has recently become 5.a success and attracted the world’s 6.attention(attend)，which gives Chinese people a lot of 7.imagination(imagine) and pride.As we know，in most 8.people’s(people) eyes，Jeremy is a miracle.

　　In June,2017，when Jeremy took his third trip to China，a large crowd came to meet him，among whom there were various fans including some 9.families(family)，some children and even some 10.women(woman) players.

　　B

　　China will allow all couples to have two children,11.giving (give) up its decades­long one­child policy，the Communist Party of China (CPC) 12.announced (announce) after a key meeting on Thursday.

　　The change of policy is intended to balance population development and meet the challenge of an aging population，according to a communiqué(公报) 13.issued (issue) after the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee held from Monday to Thursday.

　　The proposal must be approved by the top legislature(立法机关) 14.before it comes into force.

　　China’s family planning policy was first introduced in the late 1970s 15.to control (control) the rapid 16.growth (grow) of population by limiting most urban couples 17.to one child，and as to rural couples，they can have two children on condition that their first child born was a girl.The policy was later relaxed.Parents 18.who/that were both only children in their family could have 19.a second child.

　　The one­child policy was 20.further (far) loosened in November 2017 after the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee，and couples are allowed to have two children if one of them is an only child.