2017届高考英语大一轮复习专题课件：专题11 阅读理解（全国通用）

　　解析　把每个选项与原文内容逐一对照可知，C项与原文“...raised in Canada but born in Beijing”看似一样，其实命题人在此“动了手脚”，将Canada和Beijing位置调换了，从而与原意不符。 答案　C 【即时小练】 (2017·山东)Jimmy is an automotive mechanic，but he lost his job a few months ago.He has a good heart，but always feared applying for a new job. One day，he gathered up all his strength and decided to attend a job interview... Why did Jimmy apply for a new job? A.He was out of work.

　　B.He was bored with his job. C.He wanted a higher position.

　　D.He hoped to find a better boss. 答案　A　[细节理解题。由文章第一段中的第一句话“...but he lost his job a few months ago”可知，Jimmy找工作是因为他失业了，故选A。] 以题说法 命题人设置的干扰项用了与原文相似的句子结构和大部分相同的词汇，只是在个别地方换了几个单词，造成句子意思的改变。针对这类题，考生要注意题目四个选项之间的差异，再带着问题去文章中核对内容，最后确定答案。 突破指南 把握细节理解题的正确选项通常有以下特征： 1.对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。如把lose one’s job换成了be out of work。 2.词性或者语态有所变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important改成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。 3.语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。

　　4.正话反说。把原文的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。 了解了上述特征，此类题目必能迎刃而解。

　　易错点4　无中生有 Yincang’s first hit song was In Beijing.It sets a melody(旋律) played on the Chinese traditional music instrument the erhu against a hip-hop beat.The song is an insider’s look at Beijing’s sights and sounds，such as traditional Siheyuan courtyard complexes，the bar area in Houhai，the Guijie food street and the clothes market near the zoo. Which of the following about Beijing is NOT mentioned in the passage?

　　A.Traditional Siheyuan courtyard complexes. B.The bar area in Houhai. C.The Wangfujing Street. D.The clothes market near the zoo. 解析　 C项内容“the Wangfujing Street”虽是北京一地名，但文中并未提及，属于无中生有。 答案　C 【即时小练】 (2017·大纲全国Ⅰ)Last night I was driving from Harrisburg to Lewisburg，a distance of about eighty miles.It was late.Several times I got stuck behind a slow-moving truck on a narrow road with a solid white line on my left，and I became increasingly impatient. At one point along an open road，I came to a crossing with a traffic light.I was alone on the road by now，but as I drove near the light，it turned red and I made a stop.I looked left，right and behind me.Nothing.Not a car，no suggestion of car lamps，but there I sat，waiting for the light to change，the only human being for at least a mile in any direction. Why did the author get impatient while driving?

　　A.He was lonely on the road. B.He was slowed down by a truck. C.He got tired of driving too long. D.He came across too many traffic lights. 答案　B　[事实细节题。根据第一段“Several times I got stuck behind...and I became increasingly impatient.”可知，自己有点儿不耐烦了，这是因为被大卡车阻挡了好几次。其中A、C、D三项均是脱离原文的选项。]

　　以题说法 细节题设置的干扰项往往是生活基本常识或普遍认可的观点，本身是正确的，但与文章问题毫不相干。考生在答题时往往容易忽视“in the author’s opinion”或“according to the passage”等类似的限定语，不顾文章的内容，根据自己的生活常识和个人经验猜测作者的想法，从而导致错误答案。因此做这类试题时，考生应特别注意作者的措辞。 突破指南 做事实细节题要用原文定位法 1.根据题干中的关键词，找准相关句、段的内容，再仔细对照，不符合原文意义的选项要首先排除，反之，则是正确选项。

　　2.在读文章之前先读题，对要考查的细节部分做简要记录，这样，在读文章时才能快而准地锁定目标信息，以便节省时间和减少反复寻找细节的麻烦。对细节的考查通常涉及一些长难句，对此，不要惊慌，首先判断是简单句还是复合句，若是简单句，先找句子的主、谓、宾，理解其主要意义，再加附属成分的意义。若是复合句，先判断从句，再分析各自的意义，最后整合句子意义。 3.切不可断章取义，脱离原文。 假设你是李华，临近高考了，你给初中英语老师Miss Li写一封感谢信，内容要点如下： 1.感谢她给你的帮助； 2.你为高考做的准备； 3.你对大学的展望以及上大学后的打算。 注意：1.词数100左右； 2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 3.开头已为你写好，但不计入总词数。 Dear Miss Li， Long time no see.Thank you for your kind help with my study.Time flies, I am Senior Three now，...____________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Yours truly， Li Hua 【范文实例】 1.本文是一封感谢信，首先对老师表示感谢，对自己为高考做的准备进行了描述，同时对梦想的大学进行了展望，也写了自己在大学后的打算，全文要点齐全，语法知识应用灵活，且使用得当，堪称佳作。 2.文中使用的which, who引导的非限制性定语从句，only＋状语引导的部分倒装；高级短语bury myself in, be admitted into, in difficulty等的运用都彰显了作者扎实的语言功底。同时，作者还使用了高级词汇：learned, association, firmly等。 3.后面的落款没有写，是一点不足，但是瑕不掩瑜。 读后启示：___________________________________________ 忠于原文，合理推断 推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，但答案的依据一定在原文中，因此在推理过程中一定要忠于原文，在文中寻找并确定可推断的依据，即已知部分——推断的前提，从中推出未知部分——推断的结论。这就要求考生不仅要读懂所涉及的每个句子的意思，推断出它们之间的关系，而且要结合自己的生活常识和经验，通过逻辑推理和判断理解文章的话外之音，言外之意。 做推理判断题时要注意以下几点： 1.选项内容与原文相同，不需要经过推断，这样的选项直接排除。 2.绝对化、扩大化的选项要排除。 3.与文章主基调不相符的结论也要淘汰。 4.推断时要客观，忠于原文，不要受主观意识的影响。 A There were smiling children all the way.Clearly they knew at what time the train passed their homes and they made it their business to stand along the railway，wave to complete strangers and cheer them up as they rushed towards Penang.Often whole families stood outside their homes and waved and smiled as if those on the trains were their favorite relatives.This is the simple village people of Malaysia.I was moved. From then on my journey became interesting.I threw my magazines into the waste basket and decided to join in Malaysian life.Then everything came alive.The mountains seemed to speak to me.Even the trees were smiling.I stared at everything as if I was looking at it for the first time. The day passed fast and I even forgot to have my lunch until I felt hungry.I looked at my watch and was surprised that it was 3：00 p.m..Soon the train pulled up at Butterworth.I looked at the people all around me.They all looked beautiful.When my uncle arrived with a smile，I threw my arms around him to give him a warm hug(拥抱).I had never done this before.He seemed surprised and then his weather beaten face warmed up with a huge smile.We walked arm in arm to his car. 1.What can we learn from the story? A.Comfort in traveling by train. B.Pleasure of living in the country. C.Reading gives people delight. D.Smiles brighten people up. 答案　D　[推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知，作者感觉很快就度过了长途旅行，甚至忘记了吃午饭。这是因为旅途非常有意思，正是马来西亚人的微笑和友好举动使作者的心情非常愉快。故答案为D。] B “Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without stricter control need changing，”says Peter Schantz.Monkey-pox may be the wake-up call.Researchers believe infected animals may infect their owners.We know very little about these new diseases.A new bug(病毒)may be kind at first.But it may develop into something harmful(有害的).Monkey-pox doesn’t look a major infectious disease.But it is not impossible to pass the disease from person to person. 2.The text suggests that in the future we________. A.may have to fight against more new diseases B.may easily get infected by diseases from dogs C.should not be allowed to have pets D.should stop buying pets from Africa 答案　A　[根据Researchers believe infected animals may infect their owners.We know very little about these new diseases可知被感染的动物有可能把这种病毒传染给主人，结果是人类将来会感染更多的新的疾病，故A是正确的。] 【考题探究】 这类题主要考查考生能否正确判断出作者写这篇文章的目的或作者对所描述的事件的真正看法，所以，解题时考生应重点关注短文最后一段中含有结论性的词语，以获得解题的关键信息。 观点态度题 主要设题形式： The attitude of the author towards something is ________. The writer of the passage seems to think that ________. What is the author’s opinion on cramming?

　　What’s the writer’s attitude towards...?

　　What do we know about somebody in the passage?

　　Somebody can be said________. What does the author think about the present generation? 1.要学会辨别清楚文章的体裁。高考阅读理解题涉及各类文章，以议论文为主，文章的主题句往往会直接或间接地表明作者的态度、立场；说明文，因为其体裁的客观性，所以作者往往采取中立态度；记叙文，因为作者写作时也常带有某种倾向性，所以考生在读这种体裁的文章时要细心捕捉表达或暗示情感、态度的词或短语，捕捉那些烘托气氛、表达情感或态度的词句。

　　2.要分清选项中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反对或否定的词语，再以此对照文章内容。下面是一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语： (1)表示支持或肯定的词语 positive积极的，乐观的； supportive支持的； optimistic乐观的； humorous幽默的； serious严肃的； enthusiastic热情的； pleasant愉快的； concerned关切的等。 (2)表示中立的词语

　　indifferent不感兴趣的，漠不关心的，中立的； uninterested不感兴趣的； neutral中立的； impersonal冷淡的； subjective主观的； objective客观的等。 (3)表示反对或否定的词语

　　disgusted憎恶的；厌恶的； critical批评的； negative否定的，消极的； suspicious怀疑的； tolerant容忍的； disappointed失望的； ironic讽刺的； sarcastic挖苦的等。

　　(4)表示情感的词语

　　bitter令人不快的，由痛苦引起的； sentimental伤感的； emotional情绪激动的； angry气愤的等。

　　做好观点态度题，从下面两点着手： 1.关注主题句，全面理解文章的内容及中心思想，同时注意把握文章的体裁。不同体裁的文章有不同的写作目的。故事类记叙文的目的通常是娱乐读者(to entertain)；广告类应用文的目的一般是推销产品或服务(to persuade)；议论文的目的是要阐述论点(to argue)；科普、文化类说明文的目的大多是介绍知识，使大家广闻博见(to inform)。 2.在判断的过程中，我们应特别注意作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。千万不能主观臆想、凭空想象、随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。在很多文章中，作者对人物或事件有明显的情感倾向，事件中人物与人物之间也会存在相互的评价等。准确地把握人物的情感、态度有利于从整体上理解文章的写作意图及从细节上理解人物之间的关系和事件发生的前因后果。 As the railroads and the highways shaped the American West in the past centuries，a new electrical generating(发电) and transmission(输送) system for the 21st century will leave a lasting mark on the West，for better or worse.Much of the real significance of railroads and highways is not in their direct physical effect on the scenery，but in the ways that they affect the surrounding community.The same is true of big solar plants and the power lines that will be laid down to move electricity around. ... The money set aside in negotiated trade-offs and the institutions that control it will shape the West far beyond the immediate footprint of power plants and transmission lines.So let’s remember the effects of the railroads and the highways as we construct these new power plants in the West. What is the author’s attitude towards building solar plants?

　　A.Cautious.

　　B.Approving. C.Doubtful.

　　D.Disapproving. 答案　A　[作者态度题。根据文章第一段可知，铁路、高速公路的修建给当地造成了一定的影响，最后一段的最后一句作者提醒建设太阳能发电厂要记得当年修建铁路、高速公路造成的影响，故答案为A。] 易错点1　以偏概全 (2017·菏泽模拟)“Several studies throughout the last 15 years have shown that infants are very good at telling how many objects they see; however，infants don’t seem to count things like water or sand，” VanMarle said.“What we’re saying is that they can quantify substances; it’s just much harder.The infants can see how much food goes into each cup and compare that in their memories.They decide which amount is larger，and they almost always select the larger one.” What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 4?

　　A.The process of doing research.

　　B.The scientific findings. C.The final choice of infants.

　　D.The observation of infants’ behavior. 解析　第四段的中心词可提炼为study，discovery等词，主要介绍研究结果，婴儿早期就能判断数量的大小，从而选择较大的事物。 答案　B 【即时小练】 (2017·新课标全国Ⅰ)Some people will do just about anything to save money.And I am one of them.Take my family’s last vacation.It was my six-year-old son’s winter break from school，and we were heading home from Fort Lauderdale after a week-long trip.The flight was overbooked，and Delta，the airline，offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day.I had meetings in New York，so I had to get back.But that didn’t mean my husband and my son couldn’t stay.I took my nine-month-old and took off for home. ... I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your money’s worth.I’m also tightfisted when it comes to shoes，clothes for my children，and expensive restaurants.But I wouldn’t hesitate to spend on a good haircut.It keeps its shape longer，and it’s the first thing people notice.And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture.Quality lasts. What does the author want to tell us?

　　A.How to expose bad tricks.

　　B.How to reserve airline seats. C.How to spend money wisely.

　　D.How to make a business deal. 答案　C　[主旨大意题。根据第一段可知作者是省钱一族。最后一段介绍了作者对不同产品的不同购买决策，对于质量高的产品作者也会毫不犹豫地购买，这说明作者花钱很明智。故选C。] 以题说法 此题其他选项干扰性较强，A项中虽有research，但其关键词是process，没把握住重点而误选； C项与主题离得较远，以偏概全，故错误；D项比较难排除，如果将其定为正确答案，则文章重点应放在observation上，重点强调动作，而非观察之后的结果，很显然本点介绍研究结果，考生往往以偏概全而误选。 突破指南 1.在提炼主旨或归纳标题时，可以先从选项入手，找出其中关键词，然后再进一步思考是否能概括段意或是文意，一定不能只看到主题词就急着选择，要看其侧重点。 2.确认选项内容是否切中文章的中心论点，也就是要看选项内容与作者的写作目的是否一致。要从整篇文章出发归纳概括文章的标题，防止本末倒置、主次不分，避免以点代面、以偏概全，这样才能排除干扰，选出正确的答案。

　　易错点2　张冠李戴 It all started when Graham Broad，a professor at the University of Western Ontario，found McKay’s name in a footnote in a book about university history....Out of curiosity，Broad spent hours at the local archives(档案馆) in a fruitless search for information on McKay.Tired and discouraged，he finally gave up.On his way out，Broad’s glance happened to fall on an exhibiting case showing some old newspapers.His eye was drawn to an old picture of a young man in a rugby uniform....“After looking for him all day，there he was，staring up at me out of the exhibiting case，” said Broad. What made Professor Broad continue his search for more information on McKay?

　　A.A uniform of McKay.B.A footnote about McKay. C.A book on McKay.

　　D.A picture of McKay. 解析　很多人看到第一句话后就以为题目问的是“什么使Broad教授开始想要研究McKay”，从而误选B，而事实上题干问的是“什么使Broad教授继续搜寻McKay的信息”，研读原文可知是A picture of McKay，答案是D。看清问题所问，才不至于混淆问题。 答案　D 【即时小练】 (2017·福建)Then，only one month later，I lost it.I took it off before bed and it was missing in the morning.I was sad and searched everywhere for it.But it seemed to have disappeared.Eventually，I gave up and stopped looking for it.And two years later，we sold the house and moved away. Years passed，and a couple of moves later，I was visiting my parents’ when Mum told me that she had something for me.It wasn’t my birthday，nor was it Easter or Christmas or any other gift-giving occasion.Mum noticed my questioning look.“You’ll recognize this one，” she said，smiling. Then she handed me a small ring box.I took it from her and opened it to find my beautiful signet ring inside. The family who had bought our house 13 years earlier had recently decided to do some redecorations，which included replacing the carpets.When they pulled the carpet up in my old bedroom，they found the ring.As it had my initials carved into it，they realized who owned the ring.They’d had it professionally cleaned up by a jeweler before sending it to my mother. And it still fits me. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A.The writer’s family moved several times. B.The writer never stopped looking for her ring. C.The writer’s ring was cleaned up by the new house owner. D.The writer lost her ring in the morning when she took it off. 答案　A　[根据选文第一段可知，作者在丢失戒指两年后搬了一次家，又依据选文第二段首句可知数年后，作者又搬了两次家，故A项正确；B项与选文第一段倒数第二句不符；依据倒数第二段可知，清洗戒指的是jeweler而不是房屋买家，故C项错误；D项与选文第一段第二句不符。] 以题说法 命题者在设置选项时可能故意弄错对象：把一个事物的特征说成是另一事物的特征，把他人的观点说成是作者的观点，把因说成果或果说成因。因此考生在选择答案前应首先“看”清问题所问，然后在查读时注意寻找与题目相关的关键词语。 突破指南 细心是做好阅读题的首要条件，高考题中的干扰设置往往十分隐蔽，仔细看题，并能从文中找出与之相符的有效信息，是解决此类问题的关键所在。

　　易错点3　偷梁换柱 While American rappers have been popular in China since the 1990s，homegrown rap didn’t gain a following until a decade later.The group Yincang(meaning hidden) is one of the pioneers of Chinese rap.It is made up of music lovers from both sides of the Pacific Ocean: a Beijinger，a Chinese-Canadian and two Americans. “The big change was when rappers started writing lyrics in Chinese，so people could understand，” said Zhong Cheng，27，a member of the group who was raised in Canada but born in Beijing，where he returned in 1997. Which of the following is not true about the group Yincang?

　　A.It is not as popular as American rappers in China in the 1990s. B.There are three nationalities of the group members. C.The 27-year-old member Zhong Cheng was born in Canada and raised in Beijing. D.The group Yincang(meaning hidden)is a very early rap group in China. 5.略过生词 对于阅读理解中的生词，如果是人名、地名、国家名、组织机构名等次要信息，我们大可不必过分重视。事实上，不知道这些单词的意思不一定会影响我们对整句或全文的理解，很多时候更不会影响我们后面的解题。如：On his right the gentleman wore a gauntlet of heavy leather.如果后面没有特别要求考查本句，那么我们暂时并不需要确切地知道gauntlet一词的含义，通过本句的语境知道它是戴在手上的用皮革制成的某种东西即可(防护手套)。 6.学会只猜测生词的大概意思，而不求其准确含义 The Asian gibbon，like other apes，especially adapts to life in trees. 解析　在这句话中，考生只要猜出gibbon是apes(类人猿)的一种就行了，没必要知道其准确意思。 做这种类型的题，最重要的是根据词、短语、句子所在的上下文语境来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。 相信过了词汇这一关，阅读理解一定会取得高分的。赶快试试吧。 A I grew up in a house where the TV was seldom turned on and with one wall in my bedroom entirely lined with bookshelves，most of my childhood was spent on books I could get hold of.In fact，I grew up thinking of reading as natural as breathing and books unbelievably powerful in shaping perspectives(观点)by creating worlds we could step into，take part in and live in. With this unshakable belief，I，at fourteen，decided to become a writer.Here too，reading became useful.Every writer starts off knowing that he has something to say，but being unable to find the right ways to say it.He has to find his own voice by reading widely and discovering which parts of the writers he agrees or disagrees with，or agrees with so strongly that it reshapes his own world.He cannot write without loving to read，because only through reading other people’s writing can one discover what works，what doesn’t and，in the end，together with lots of practice，what voice he has. 1.The underlined word “voice” in the second paragraph most probably means “________”.

　　A.an idea

　　B.a sound quality

　　C.a way of writing

　　D.a world to write about

　　答案　C　[词义猜测题。根据文中的“Every writer starts off knowing that he has something to say，but being unable to find the right ways to say it.He has to find his own voice by reading widely...”可以推断出voice在语法功能和语义上与the right ways相似，所以该词的意思是“写作方式”。] B I hated dinner parties.But I decided to give them another shot because I’m in London.And my friend Mallery invited me.And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York.There，“I’m having a dinner party”means：“I’m booking a table for 12 at a restaurant you can’t afford and we’ll be sharing the cheque evenly，no matter what you eat.”Worse，in Manhattan there is always someone who leaves before the bill arrives.They’ll throw down cash，half of what they owe，and then people like me，who don’t drink，end up paying even more.But if I try to use the same trick，the hostess will shout：“Where are you going？”And it’s not like I can say I have somewhere to go：everyone knows I have nowhere to go. 2.What does the word“shot” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?

　　A.Choice.　

　　B.Try.

　　C.Style. D.Goal.

　　答案　B　[词义猜测题。根据文章首段的前四句话可知，“我”原来不喜欢派对，但是“我”决定试试，因为“我”现在是在伦敦。结合语境可知，此处shot与try同义，表示“尝试”。] 【考题探究】 推理分析题在阅读测试中属于难题。要求考生在理解语篇的基础上，从文章所提供的信息的各个方面出发，抓住关键词句，运用逻辑思维并借助常识透过表层理解文章的深层含义或寓意。尽管这项技能难以掌握，但在历届高考考试中，甚至一切考试中它都倍受出题者的青睐。 推理判断题 研讨真题，我们可以总结出：推理分析题可以针对某个具体的句子让你理解其话语之外的深层含义；也可以针对整篇文章让你揣摩作者的言外之意和真正的写作意图；还可以针对某个具体问题让你琢磨作者的观点态度；有时甚至还让你对文章的体裁和来源作出判断。做这种题时切不可脱离语篇主旨和作者意图作无根据的猜测。 考查考生对整个语篇进行推理分析的能力时，通常是以下列方式提出问题的： 1.We can conclude that________. 2.We may infer that________. 3.The writer suggests that________. 4.The story implies that________. 5.What the writer really means is________. 6.It can be inferred from the passage that________. 7.According to the passage，you can see________. 8.It can be seen from the passage that________. 9.The passage suggests that________. 考查考生对作者观点、态度及语气、语调的理解时常见的设问方式有： 1.What does the author think of? 2.How does the author feel about? 3.What’s the tone of this passage? 【方法指导】 要进行正确的推理，首先应对文章的写作特点或推理特点有所了解。推理是揭示事态的原因或结果，这类文章通常是以以下三种方式展开的。 第一种是从结果到原因，重点在原因。其推理方式往往是首先提出一个问题或叙述一个事实，然后给予答案或说明原因。 第二种推理方式是从原因到结果，重点在结果。其推理方式是首先在导言中提出问题，然后指出或列举这个问题可能引起或已经引起的后果。 第三种推理方式是因果连锁反应，即前一个矛盾统一体中的结果又为后一个矛盾统一体中的原因。掌握文章的推理方式在进行推理时是大有帮助的。 其次是要看清题意和题型要求，还要在阅读时注意收集各种线索，捕捉与之有关的信息。另外在选择答案时因其大同小异模棱两可应根据题意要求选择最切合原文内容的一个。但往往很多文章并不严格依照这三种模式来展开，所以做题时就得靠考生保持清醒的头脑，从文章给出的事实和逻辑两个方面去判断推理了。当考生遇到问及作者的观点态度的考题时，首先要通读全文，对文章的写作风格有所了解，尤其要仔细领会文章的主题思想，因为它通常能规定作者的写作基调。其次要注意作者在描述事物、表达观点时遣词造句的方式。因为在表达个人看法时作者往往用一些带有个人感情色彩或褒贬分明的词汇，阅读时多加注意就能作出正确的判断。 1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理 做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正向推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。 【典例】　

　　A study reported last fall suggests that having a pet dog not only raises your spirits but may also have an effect on your eating habits.Researchers at Northwestern Memorial Hospital spent a year studying 36 fat people and their equally fat dogs on diet and exercise programs；a separate group of 56 people without pets were put on a diet program.On average，people lost about 11 pounds，or 5% of their body weight.Their dogs did even better，losing an average of 12 pounds，more than 15% of their body weight.Dog owners didn’t lose any more weight than those without dogs but，say researchers，got more exercise overall—mostly with their dogs—and found it worth doing. The research mentioned in the paragraph reports that ________. A.people with dogs did more exercise B.dogs lost the same weight as people did C.dogs liked exercise much more than people did D.people without dogs found the program unhelpful 解析　推理判断题。一项研究结果表明，养狗不仅可以振奋精神，还会影响人的饮食习惯。文章最后一句表明，养狗的人进行的锻炼比较多，且多半是和狗一起锻炼。B项错误，C、D两项文中没有提及，故答案为A。 答案　A 2.整合全文(段)信息进行推断

　　做推理判断题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。 【典例】

　　When I was six，Dad brought home a dog one day，who was called“Brownie”.My brothers and I all loved Brownie and did different things with her.One of us would walk her，another would feed her，then there were baths，playing catch and many other games.Brownie，in return，loved each and every one of us.One thing that most touched my heart was that she would go to whoever was sick and just be with them.We always felt better when she was around. One day，as I was getting her food，she chewed up(咬破)one of Dad’s shoes，which had to be thrown away in the end.I knew Dad would be mad and I had to let her know what she did was wrong.When I looked at her and said，“Bad girl，”she looked down at the ground and then went and hid.I saw a tear in her eyes. Brownie turned out to be more than just our family pet.She went everywhere with us.People would stop and ask if they could pet her.Of course she’d let anyone pet her.She was just the most lovable dog.There were many times when we’d be out walking and a small child would come over and pull on her hair.She never barked(吠)or tried to get away.Funny thing is she would smile.This frightened people because they thought she was showing her teeth.Far from the truth，she loved everyone. Now many years have passed since Brownie died of old age.I still miss the days when she was with us. Which of the following best describes Brownie? A.Shy.

　　B.Polite. C.Brave.

　　D.Caring. 解析　推理判断题。第一段中提到她爱家中的每一个人；第二段叙述的是她做错事后的愧疚；第三段描述的是她与众人友好相处，所以D项最能描述她的特点。 答案　D 3.借助常识进行推理判断 众所周知，常识是人们普遍认可与赞同的观点，是准确无误的信息。因此利用常识可进行推理判断，并且快速高效。 【典例】 All of this was about more than convenience.There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen.Mr.Basille even had a key to our house，for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box indoors，so that the milk wouldn’t freeze.And I remember Mr.Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table，having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery. What can be inferred from the fact that the milkman had the key to the boy’s house? A.He wanted to have tea there. B.He was a respectable person. C.He was treated as a family member. D.He was fully trusted by the family. 解析　由常识可以推出一个外人若拥有特定家庭的钥匙说明其得到这个家庭的充分信任。 答案　D 4.对文章的体裁和来源作出判断 考试大纲明文规定：体裁避免单一化，包括记叙文、说明文、应用文等。而文章的来源指的是该文的出处是选自小说、报刊杂志，还是科技论文、书评等。这就得靠考生自己作出判断了。通常这类问题的提问方式有以下几种： 1.This selection(节选)might be some parts of a book concerned with________. 2.This passage might be taken out of a book dealing with ________. 3.Where did this passage most probably appear? 4.These extracts(摘录)are probably taken from________. 根据其写作特点和叙述的故事内容、评论、阐述对话各有其特点判断体裁是不难区分的。判断其来源要留心所选的部分是哪一类的，涉及哪方面的内容。一篇故事是不可能取材于科学杂志，资讯报道也不可能刊载在书评内。因此判断文章来源应将文章的形式及内容特点加以综合考虑才能下结论。例如： 【典例】

　　More than 30，000 drivers and front seat passengers are killed or seriously injured(受伤)each year.At a speed of only 30 miles per hour it is the same as falling from a third floor window.Wearing a seat belt(安全带)saves lives；it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half. Therefore drivers or front seat passengers over 14 in most vehicles must wear a seat belt.If you do not，you could be fined up to $50.It will not be up to the drivers to make sure you wear your belt.But it will be the driver’s responsibility(责任)to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing seat belt of some kind. However，you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing(倒退)your vehicle or you are making a local delivery(发送)or collection using a special vehicle；or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.Make sure these circumstances(情形)apply to you before you decide not to wear your seat belt.Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so，and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it. This text is taken from________. A.a medical magazine B.a police report C.an advertisement(广告) D.a government information booklet(小册子) 解析　这篇文章由不系安全带造成的危害引出不系安全带会处以什么样的惩罚，以及哪些情况下可以不系安全带。很显然文章应该是从警方的报告中节选下来的。 答案　B 5.对文章的前后内容作出判断和预测 这是要求考生对该段前未选取部分或后面将要谈及的内容作出判断或预测。 由于所选文章的前后内容都未出现，且该部分是孤立的一段或几段，因此要准确作出判断并非易事。这就要求我们在看文章时要带着问题去阅读。 首先我们对所读的选段要有一个全局的概念，弄清它所涉及的全部内容哪些可能已谈过，哪些还没谈，而我们正在阅读的摘选部分就是你作出分析的参照物了。其次我们要从文章的语篇结构上去分析。一篇文章通常由导言、正文和结束语构成。导言一般要概述全篇内容，它规定了文章的主线或中心内容。借助导言我们能紧紧把握作者的思路从而有利于对文章的理解。正文是文章的主体，也是最常选摘的部分。正文的各段内容都由导言确定，也就是说正文不论述导言中未提及的观点和内容。结束语是文章的收尾部分，尤其是正式论文往往通过它而使全篇得到提纲挈领的概括并从中得出结论。因此通过对文章篇章结构的分析就可判断已谈了什么或将要谈什么。 6.是非判断题 这类试题要求考生确定与原文信息一致或不一致的一项。考生应首先明确题干要求；其次，在原文中进行细节定位；最后，仔细推敲，锁定答案。 当然，针对某一具体的文章，还可以有各种各样形形色色的设问方式。对于细节题，也可以说对于任何阅读理解题，考生必须根据文章提供的信息进行答题，而不能根据自己的主观判断或者一般常识来答题。 【方法指导】 细节理解题针对不同的文章，不同的细枝末节，可以有不同的设问，这就让人觉得它是那么不可捉摸，犹如雾里看花，水中望月。其实，这种题型是阅读考试中最简单的了。我们只要记住一点：万变不离其宗。这种题型无论有什么千变万化，你只要能看懂文章和题干，答案都能在原文中找到明显的线索。下面，我们就来看看，对付这等“千变魔头”有何绝招？ 我们读文章，无外乎是对两个方面的理解。一个是浅层理解，或表层理解。另一个是深层理解，或内涵理解。所谓表层理解，指要读懂文章的基本内容，包括主要事实和各个细节。主要事实指文章中对于主题主旨具有典型意义的重要事实，这是文章的基本框架。细节是构成主要事实的局部因素或充实事实的例子、数据等细枝末节。一篇文章一般都包括这些要素。所以阅读理解考试中要求寻找的主要事实和特定细节都可以在文章中找到。但是，要注意的是出题者不会很明白很直接地提问，而是很注意提问的技术性或艺术性。也就是说，他提问都是要设障碍的，要罩上一层迷雾的，使得你弄不清问题指的是哪一件事，哪一个细节，造成你寻找的困难，这就要求你仔细琢磨了。归纳起来，提问技巧一般有隐含提问法、真伪证实法、迂回提问法三种。 1.隐含提问法 出题者使用同义词语、参照词、代词等，使考生对阅读内容和问题产生模糊感。例如： The basketball team never lacked vociferous(大叫大喊的)young supporters，but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm. Who seldom reacted to that enthusiastic show? A.The young people. B.The players. C.Some people. D.A lot of people. 因为the basketball team和players；seldom reacted和rarely responded是两对同义关系的词语，而“they”又与basketball team有参照关系，所以答案应该是B。 2.真伪证实法 出题者要求考生确定文章中的事实，不让其问题直接与文章中的事实对号入座，而是提出似是而非，或完全错误的事实让考生去判断。对于这类题目，考生不要根据自己读文章的最初印象马上加以判断，而必须找到与问题相应的文章部分，找出正确肯定的事实，才可以据此判定否定的或错误的答案选项。例如： One word that sums up(概括)our age better than any other—whether “our age”is“the technological age”of western countries or the “modernizing age”of China—is the word CHANGE.But has change not always been present？True，but never before at such a breakneck speed.Today it is more than just change.It is unprecedented change.In such a world，reading provides the best tool we have for keeping up and for avoiding future shock in a world continually being remade. Which of the following is NOT true? A.Western countries and China are being remade. B.Reading will help understand our age. C.The present age and future world are continually changing. D.Reading is the best tool provided by our age. 选择题中，A、B、C三项均与文意吻合一致。D项是一个似是而非的选择答案。文中的Reading provides the best tool for us(阅读对我们来说，是最好的工具)和选项中D.Reading is the best tool provided by our age.(阅读是我们时代提供的最好工具)，意思不符，所以答案是D。 3.迂回提问法 这又是一种设障提问技巧。问题不直接提出，而是绕着弯子提出。比如，涉及时间、距离及数据等时，你必须经过复杂的计算才能确定答案，有时，选择答案给你的数据与文章中的数据不符，只是一个近似数值，(其它选择答案完全不沾边，完全错误)，或者，提问者只给你一部分事实，让读者推出相应的事实使某事实更完整正确(这又叫做省略提问法)。 巧用“导读法”快速定位细节 做细节题时，一般采用导读法，即先读题，然后带着题干信息快速浏览全文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行比较、分析、对比，最后得出答案。 做题时注意同一语意的不同表达方式，有时为了增加试题的难度，问题的表达一般不用文章中的原话，而是使用同义词、近义词、句型的变换来表达，因此，一定要先看题干，理清问题所在。 Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree，new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children. One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders.Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs.

　　A second study，looking at nearly 1，000 grown-ups in New Zealand，found lower education levels among 26-year-olds who had watched lots of TV during childhood.But the results don’t prove that TV is the cause and don’t rule out that already poorly motivated youngsters(年轻人)may watch lots of TV. Their study measured the TV habits of 26-year-olds between ages 5 and 15.Those with college degrees had watched an average of less than two hours of TV per weeknight during childhood，compared with an average of more than 2 hours for those who had no education beyond high school. In the California study，children with TVs in their rooms but no computer at home scored the lowest，while those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest. While this study does not prove that bedroom TV sets caused the lower scores，it adds to accumulating findings that children shouldn’t have TVs in their bedrooms. 1.According to the California study，the low-scoring group might________. A.have watched a lot of TV B.not be interested in math C.be unable to go to college D.have had computers in their bedrooms

　　答案　A　[根据题干中的关键词“the California study”可找到原文中的第二段。第二段说到，看电视多的学生在数学和文科方面的分数比那些不看电视的学生少8分，也就是说，成绩不好的学生看电视多。] A.Poorly motivated 26-year-olds watch more TV. B.Habits of TV watching reduce learning interest. C.TV watching leads to lower education levels of the 15-year-olds. D.The connection between TV and education levels is difficult to explain. 2.What is the researchers’ understanding of the New Zealand study results? 答案　D　[本题的关键词是“the New Zealand study”，根据行文顺序，可在第三段中找到这些词语。根据其后的信息“这次研究发现，看电视多是导致成绩不好的原因，但是成绩不好的学生不一定看电视多，也许是学习动机不高造成的”可知，这次研究的结果是：电视与学习之间的联系很难解释清楚。] 【考题探究】 高考对考生推测词义的能力是非常重视的。这就要求我们在阅读时要通过上下文交代的内容做出合乎逻辑的推理。在必要时，做些语法分析，通过词与词的关系，确定其词性；有时根据常识和生活经验或构词法知识，完全可以对那些从未见过的生词的词义做出正确的推测。 一般说来，这种题型的题干部分总含有mean，refer to的字样。做这种题时，特别要注意的是，对于那些我们熟悉的词千万不要妄自、草率下结论，一定要结合上下文判断它在文中的意思。例如： 词义猜测题 The underlined word“family”in the second paragraph means________. A.homeB.children C.wife and husband

　　D.wife and children “family”是我们很熟悉的词了，意为“家庭”，但以这个意思理解family的话，我们就无法选择答案了。但是，如果我们结合上下文“The baker，with his wife and family，was able to get out through a window in the roof.”就很容易看出family其实指的是“children子女”，所以答案应该是B。 因此，考生不仅要知道常用词的意思，更要知道其灵活变化的意思。在阅读理解测试中，常见的考查这种技能的题型的设问方式有： 1.The phrase “...”in the sentence could be replaced by________. 2.The word “...” in the paragraph refers to________. 3.What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph？/What does the underlined word mean? 4.Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase“...”？ 5.The word “...”most nearly means________. 词义猜测题是近几年来高考阅读理解题中经常出现的题型，在数量上通常至少有1道题。 【方法指导】 近年来高考英语阅读理解中词义猜测题主要考查生词词义判断、代词指代判断、熟词新义判断和普通词汇特殊意义判断。 1.分析人称演变过程推断代词的正确指代 代词指代判断题考查考生依据语境逻辑推断人称代词和指示代词意义的能力。人称代词指代判断题要求考生对it，they，them，he，she等人称代词的正确指代进行判断。指示代词指代判断题主要考查考生对this，these，that，those等指示代词指代意义的判断能力。认真分析历年高考试题不难发现代词指代判断题常出现在人物变换多、动作转换频的语境中。解题时应认真阅读仔细推敲特定代词所在句和前后邻近句，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，弄清其来龙去脉和前因后果，从而准确推断其所替代的对象。 【典例】　 (2017·天津卷阅读理解D篇第一段) You are given many opportunities in life to choose to be a victim or creator.When you choose to be a victim，the world is a cold and difficult place.“They” did things to you which caused all of your pain and suffering.“They”are wrong and bad，and life is terrible as long as “they”are around.Or you may blame yourself for all your problems，thus internalizing(内化)your victimization.The truth is，your life is likely to stay that way as long as you feel a need to blame yourself or others. What does the word“they”in Paragraph 1 probably refer to? A.People and things around you. B.Opportunities and problems. C.Creators and their choices. D.Victims and their sufferings. 解析　由本段的第二、三、四句可知they指victim周围的人和事。 答案　A 代词指代类猜测题难度不大，答案一般离画线词不远，所以考生只需读懂画线词附近的内容并理清各句的来龙去脉即可找到答案。 2.根据语境逻辑推断生词词义 生词词义判断题主要考查考生利用语境逻辑推断特定生词意义的能力。解题时应充分利用上下文，找出特定生词在邻近句的背景信息，然后借助转折、条件、因果、递进、对比、并列、让步等逻辑关系或定义和解释正确推断其含义。 【典例】　 (2017·湖北卷阅读理解B篇第五段) On Transportation Days，we might stop for lunch on Chestnut Street or buy a new book or toy，but the transportation was the point.First，it was exciting enough to watch the world speed by from the train window.As I got older，my mom helped me unlock the mysteries that would otherwise have paralyzed my first attempts to do it myself：How do I know where to get off？How do I know how much it costs？How do I know when I need tickets，and where to get them？What track，what line，which direction，where’s the stop，and will I get wet when we go under the river? The underlined word“paralyzed”(in Para.5)is closest in meaning to “________”. A.displayed B.justified C.ignored

　　D.ruined 解析　上下文中的两个关键信息为：unlock the mysteries和otherwise。句意：当我长大时，我母亲帮我解开了这些秘密，否则他们可能使我无法作自我首次尝试。D项意为“毁灭”，符合语境。A项意为“陈列”，B项意为“证明……是正当的”；C项意为“不理睬”。 答案　D 高考英语文章中允许出现一部分生僻词，但是它们不影响考生对文章整体意思的理解。生僻词的猜测是高考常涉及的一个考点，考生可以通过上下文来猜测生词的词义。这些词往往不是孤立存在的，在上下文中都有相关的叙述。 3.根据原始含义和所在句语境推断熟词新义 众所周知，英语单词词义丰富，搭配灵活，一些熟词在特定语境中常产生新含义。 (1)有些新含义与原含义没有联系，需要借助上下文进行推断。 (2)有些新含义既来自原含义又体现新特点，只有将原含义和新语境有机结合，在整体思维、综合考虑的基础上才能准确推断。 【典例】　 (2017·湖北卷阅读理解E篇第二段) The way most of us spend our mornings is exactly opposite to the conditions that promote flexible，open-minded thinking.Imaginative ideas are most likely to come to us when we’re unfocused.If you are one of those energetic morning people，your most inventive time comes in the early evening when you are relaxed.Sleepy people’s lack of focus leads to an increase in creative problem solving.By not giving yourself time to tune__into__your__wandering__mind，you’re missing out on the surprising solutions it may offer. By “tune into your wandering mind”(in Para.2)，the author means“________”. A.wander into the wild B.listen to a beautiful tune C.switch to the traffic channel D.stop concentrating on anything 解析　词义猜测题。根据语境可知，若一味集中注意力而无暇放松，将错失有创造性的解决问题的方法。D项意为“不将注意力集中在某事物上”，符合语境。 答案　D 句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测一个具有概括性的句子或格言、谚语等。这要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行直接的或解释性的描述，难度略大。 做这类题时，考生可在对上下文语境有一定了解的基础上，运用排除法做题，先排除那些与文章基调不同的选项，而正确选项往往是对上下文的总结和概括，与文章基调一致。 4.依据语境逻辑推断普通词汇的特殊含义 一些非常常见、十分普通的词汇在特殊场合会产生特殊的含义，解题时应认真阅读，仔细分析特定词汇所在句和邻近句，弄清作者的表达目的和写作意图，揭示其在特定词汇使用上的言外之意，从而正确推断该词的真正含义。 【典例】　 (2017·安徽卷阅读理解C篇第一段) When Frida Kahlo’s paintings were on show in London，a poet described her paintings as “a ribbon(丝带) around a bomb”.Such comments seem to suggest Kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time.Sadly，she is actually a__much__bigger__name today than she was during her time. What does the phrase “a much bigger name”in Paragraph 1 most nearly mean? A.A far better artist. B.A far more gifted artist. C.A much stronger person. D.A much more famous person. 解析　墨西哥女画家弗里达·卡罗，身残志不残，创作了无数优秀作品。虽然在有生之年其作品未能受到应有的关注，但她最终于上世纪70年代末得到了国际声誉。name意为“名字”，但在本文提供的语境中其意义变为“名声”。 答案　D 专题十一　阅读理解 【考题探究】 阅读理解中非常重要的一个技巧就是在阅读中迅速地抓住文章或段落的主旨大意，也就是中心思想。一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心思想展开的。要领悟文章的主旨大意，这就需要考生具备归纳和概括等方面的能力。而这种归纳和概括能力又常常是考试中考查的重点。 研读高考真题，我们会总结出，对于文章或段落的主旨概括设问的形式一般是： 主旨大意题 1.The main idea of the passage(text) is________. 2.The text (passage)is mainly about________. 3.What does the passage mainly discuss (deal with)? 4.Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea? 5.The main point of the passage is________. 6.The best headline for this newspaper article would be________. 7.Which of the following is the best title to be given to the article? 8.What is the topic of the text? 9.The main purpose of the story is to tell us________. 10.The conclusion we can get from the story is ________. 大家只要记住，看到问题中使用mainly，main，title，headline，topic，conclusion等词时，就能仔细领会文章的主旨大意了。 【方法指导】 文章(或段落)的构成有其内在的规律性，其中心思想往往是通过主题句来体现的。因此考生对以下四种结构应首先有所了解，然后通过一系列有意识的训练进而掌握它们。 1.主题句在篇(段)首的结构 这种结构通常用演绎法撰写，遵循从一般到个别(特殊)的步骤，即先概述，然后用细节加以说明。 Jane Clark，fair-haired，blue-eyed and tough as steel，has just won the most difficult race in the world.In seventeen days she drove a dog team and sledge(雪橇)across 1，050 miles of the Arctic Circle and through some of the most difficult land in the world.In bitter(刺骨的) winds and snowstorms she drove her dogs along the Arctic track, in temperatures that reached —38℃.When Jane was asked how she felt about being the first woman ever to win the race，she said，“I still can’t believe it.”She then went over to inspect her thirteen wild-eyed dogs.David Wilson，who came second，said，“It sure hurts when a young woman is ahead of you.But it doesn’t hurt for long.She was a good winner.” Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article? A.Woman wins the world’s toughest race! B.Woman fights bitter winds and snowstorms! C.Woman wins a sledge race in the world! D.Woman drives a dog team across the Arctic! 解析　这篇文章的首句就是主题句，其后的句子或是具体说明“世界上最困难的比赛”，或是从侧面说明赢得这场比赛的不容易。本篇的终结句进一步呼应了主题句。所以答案是A。 答案　A 2.主题句在末尾的结构 尾句是主题句的结构通常是用归纳法撰写的，其步骤是先表述细节或交代论据，最后做出概括性的结论，以总结性的句子收尾。这种写作方法的特点是从个别到一般，由特殊性到共性。 On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin.Everyone was astonished to see him.There was just one problem.Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates.He rolled on and on.Suddenly，he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall.Down fell the mirror，breaking into pieces.Nobody forgot Merlin’s grand entrance for a long time! What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? A.The roller skates needed further improvement. B.The party guests took Merlin for a fool. C.Merlin succeeded beyond expectation. D.Merlin got himself into trouble. 解析　这段文字从Merlin入场的细节叙述，最后一句做了归纳总结：“很长一段时间大家都没有忘记Merlin不同凡响的入场。”可见Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。答案为C。 答案　C 3.主题句在中间的结构 有些主题句既不在篇(段)首，也不在篇(段)尾，而是处于篇章(或段落)的中间。这样的结构往往先以一句或几句为主题句的出现作铺垫，或是交代细节或论据。在主题句出场后，仍有适当数量的句子陈述细节或继续给予例证。 这类结构包括三个层次：引题——主题思想——解释或继续给予例证。从它的写作程序来看，也可分为三部曲：归纳——结论——演绎，即给出一两个例证之后，做出概括性的总结，然后再给予例证来证实其论点。请看下例： When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can，the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment，and then it comes down.When a bullet(子弹)is shot straight up，it will travel much faster and higher than a ball，but it，too，will come down.Whatever__goes__up__must__come__down.We have always thought this to be true.An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long.Yet it does not stay up forever.Finally，like everything else，the plane must come down. 本段文字中下画线的这句话就是主题句。其行文顺序和写作程序与上述的模式完全吻合。 4.没有主题句的结构 没有主题句的篇章(或段落)，并不是没有主题思想，它们的主题思想不是由具体的某句话表示的，而是在文中含蓄地存在着，需要读者自己归纳总结。这种结构通常是叙述一件事的发展过程，或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实。 Shu Pulong has helped at least 1，000 people bitten(咬)by snakes.“It was seeing people with snake bites(伤口)that led me to this career，”he said. In 1963，after his army service，Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine.As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains.There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives. I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met.It was a very hot afternoon.The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand.He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake.In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart.Rushing home he shouted，“Bring me the knife.” Minutes later the man lost his arm forever. “The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.”Shu said. The best headline(标题)for this newspaper article is ________. A.Astonishing Medicine B.Farmer Loses Arm C.Dangerous Bites

　　D.Snake Doctor 解析　文章陈述了一系列同等重要的细节，都是围绕“一位治疗毒蛇咬伤的医生”展开的。所以标题为D。 答案　D 总之，正确理解文章或段落的主题思想是阅读的首要目的。因此，提高识别文章结构并准确找出主题句的能力和准确归纳总结出无主题句文章的主题思想的能力，是提高阅读理解能力的重要环节。而从无主题句的文章中总结出主题思想的能力尤其是考试的重点，也是我们平常阅读训练时难度较大的一项，这就需要我们在阅读任何文章时都要下意识地归纳总结其主旨大意。 要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的写作方式。一般来说，标题的写作方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的短语。 比如某一文章的中心句子为： Coffee is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world. 话题：Coffee 控制性概念：is a universal beverage that is served in different ways around the world 标题：Coffee Around the World 注意：做此类题时，要避免下列三种错误： 1.概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而导致范围太小)； 2.过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)； 3.以事实、细节替代抽象的大意。

　　I suddenly heard an elephant crying as though frightened.Looking down，I immediately recognized that something was wrong，and ran down to the edge of the near bank.There I saw Ma Shwe with her three-month-old calf struggling in the fast-rising water，and it was a life-and-death struggle.Her calf was floating and screaming with fear.Ma Shwe was as near to the far bank as she could get，holding her whole body against the rushing water，and keeping the calf pressed against her huge body.Every now and then the rushing water would sweep the calf away. Just at this moment，she fell back into the river.If she were carried down，it would be certain death.I knew，as well as she did，that there was one spot(地点)where she could get up the bank，but it was on the other side from where she had put her calf. While I was wondering what I could do next，I heard the sound of a mother’s love.Ma Shwe had crossed the river and got up the bank and was making her way back as fast as she could，roaring(吼叫)all the time，but to her calf it was music. What can be the best title for the text? A.A Mother’s Love B.A Brave Act C.A Deadly River D.A Matter of Life and Death 答案　A　[标题应该具有概括性。文章先向读者展示了一幅惊心动魄的画面，然后用险象环生的故事情节紧紧扣住读者的心弦，最后十分自然而又含蓄地点明了文章的主旨，即伟大的母爱可以克服任何困难。由此可见无论是湍急的河流，还是奇迹的发生，最终都是为刻画大象的母爱作铺垫的，所以A项为标题。] 【考题探究】 只有准确理解全部细节，才能深刻而又全面地领悟主题思想。因为段落中的细节都是用来阐明主旨大意的，辅助论据支撑或阐述主题思想。因此，属于细节类的理解题，既可检测阅读者对主旨大意理解的深度，又可测定他们对每个细节准确领会的广度。 在阅读考试中，查找主要事实或特定细节题型常见的设问形式一般是： 细节理解题 1.Which of the following statements is (not) true (or correct)? 2.Which of the following is not mentioned in the text? 3.All of the following are true except________. 4.The author (or the passage) states that________. 5.According to the passage，when...? 总之，细节理解题的六大类型是： 1.直接信息题 在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who，what，when，where，why和how等提问。 2.语意转换题 有时需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换，两者形式不同，但意义不变。 3.逻辑排序题 考生可以先找出最早和最后的一个事件发生的时间，并分别把它们作为事件发生的起点和终点，然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小。 4.数字计算题 解答此类试题的方法是先理解题意和文意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等得出正确答案。 5.图形理解题 在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图形中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来描述的，考生可以按图索骥直至找出正确答案。