新概念英语第二册语法精解：名词性从句之定语从句

一、定语从句的概念

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

二、定语从句的关系词

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom，所有格whose)等，关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

三、定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。

四、关系代词的用法

1.that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)

The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. 我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)

2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. 位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)

The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)

3.who, whom用于指人，who用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom， 也可省略。例如：

The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)

Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)

注意：

(1)当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who, that, which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：

This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。

Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. 请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。

(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：

This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。

(3)that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：

The city that she lives in is very far away. 她居住的城市非常远。

(4)关系词只能用that的情况：

a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。

b. 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which。例如：

Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?

c. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which。例如：

This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。

d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which。例如：

I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：

Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?

f. 主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：

There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。

(5)关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：

a. 先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that。例如：

What's that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?

b. 关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that。例如：

This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。

c. 引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that。例如：

Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。

五、关系副词的用法

(1)when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：

This was the time when he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。

(2)where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：

This is place where he works. 这是他工作的地点。

(3)why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：

Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

六、which 和 as

在定语从句的非限制性定语中，which 和as 是容易混淆的。在很多情况下两者兼可互换，但在下列情况中不可互换：

(1)通常as 可以放在整句的句首，而which 只能在逗号之后，as 本身含有“正如”，as 在定语从句中既可是主语也可做宾语。

As appear from her paper, she has read widely in Romantic literature.

She is remarkable, as I have told you .

(2)which 在做非限制性定语从句关联词时可以无明确先行词，指前句整个的意思，如：She has married again, which surprises us.

七、all that 和 what

在定语从句中，许多人往往分不清all that 和what，what 实际上只引导名词性从句，它相当于all that 两个字，例如：

All that I know is that he has made up his mind to heave the country for a new place.

= What I know is that he has...

【专项训练】

1.Football ______ is a very interesting game , is played all over the world.

A.that B.which C.it D.who

2.Is there anything else ______ you require?

A.which B.that C.who D.what

3.The last place ______ we visited was the Great Wall.

A.which B.that C.where D.it

4.He talked happily about the men and books ______ interested him greatly in the school.

A.which B.who C.it D.that

5.The realway tunnel, through ______ the train goes, will be completed soon.

A.which B.that C.it D.whom

6.His uncle works in a factory ______ bicycles are made.

A.that B.which C.where D.there

7.There is no dictionary ______ you can find everything.

A.that B.which C.where D.in that

8.Next month, ______ you’ll spend in your hometown is coming.

A.which B.that C.when D.where

9.Next month, ______ you’ll be in your hometown is coming.

A.which B.that C.when D.where

10.I often thought of my childhood, ______ I lived on a farm.

A.which B.where C.when D.who

KEYS

1 B 2 B 3 B 4 D 5 A 6 C 7 C 8 A 9 C 10 C