.h1 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 22pt; MARGIN: 17pt 0cm 16.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 240%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify } .h2 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; MARGIN: 13pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 173%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify } .h3 { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; FONT-SIZE: 16pt; MARGIN: 13pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 173%; TEXT-ALIGN: justify }
雅思考试,三篇阅读都为新题。尤其是第一篇文章中讲到一个概念Citemene,很多同学很难理解,我将其破解在下:
Citemene
The Bemba have developed a unique shifting cultivation called the citemene system in the vast miombo woodlands of northern Zambia . The Bemba are also known for the military strength of their once-powerful kingdom and their matrilineal soci- ety with its high divorce rate .
Since 1983, we have conducted socio-ecological research in the Bemba vil- lages in the territory of Chief Luchembe, Mpika District, in northern Zambia. In this paper, we analyze the processes and mechanisms of agrarian changes in these Bemba villages over the 23 years from 1983-2006 in relation to changes in economic and agricultural policies.
As our research base, we chose the village of Mulenga-Kapuli, which lies about 27 km west of the town of Mpika . The village elder, Mulenga- Kapuli, founded this village in 1958, when he returned from working in the Copperbelt. Mulenga-Kapuli gathered his matri-kin, with his brothers and sisters at the core. The village of Mulenga-Kapuli has had close socio-economic rela- tionships with the neighboring village of Ndona.
In 1983, Mulenga-Kapuli was small, with 13 households of which three were headed by females. Ndona had 30 households, of which ten were female- headed. Most villagers had experienced life in the city, but they led a subsis- tence life with strong reliance on the citemene system. The basic unit of pro- duction was the household, and the level of production never greatly exceeded what was necessary for self sufficiency. The villagers maintained a distribution and consumption mechanism that promoted social leveling, while avoiding a concentration of goods. Although 1/4 to 1/3 of the households in the two vil- lages were headed by females, there was little economic disparity among the households
From about 1986, hybrid maize production using chemical fertilizers rapidly spread throughout the study area. We refer to maize production conducted in semi-permanent fields as faamu cultivation, according to the Bemba nomencla- ture. Faamu fields were prepared by felling and uprooting trees. By the mid- 1990s, most villagers had begun to build a stable system wherein citemene cul- tivation for subsistence coexisted with faamu cultivation for cash crops. How- ever, from the mid-1990s, the national economic policy shifted strongly toward market liberalization, and faamu cultivation ceased to be viable in the outly- ing rural areas. Moreover, the government Resettlement Project, which focused on the resettlement of large-scale commercial farmers, had reached full imple- mentation near the villages in 2000. Under these circumstances, the people held firmly to citemene cultivation as they engaged in trial and error, seeking better opportunities for cash income. These agrarian changes over the past 20 years can be classified into five periods: 1) subsistence economy based on citemene cultivation, 2) spread of faamu cultivation, 3) expansion of faamu cultivation, 4) return to citemene, and 5) search for a new livelihood strategy . We discuss these five periods, their characteristics, and mechanisms of change in the following sections.
雅思口语范文:a person good at cooking
雅思口语天天练:这样道别更给力
雅思口语素材:好句推荐-心的栖息地
看原版电影学习雅思口语的方法
雅思口语素材:好句推荐-你值得拥有的
雅思口语回答的具体范例及分析
雅思口语素材:名人名言-马丁.路德.金
雅思口语范文:An Advertisement
雅思口语语音语调的练习方法
高效积累雅思口语词汇的秘籍
雅思口语范文:艺术品
雅思口语三大精华:观点、理由、例子
雅思口语考场经验:好的开始是成功的一半
雅思口语起步阶段的学习方法指导
雅思口语和新托福口语的区别
雅思口语范文:名人
雅思口语素材:好句推荐-重振经历
盘点雅思口语考试中的经典病句
雅思口语范文:社会问题之老龄化
雅思口语天天练:留学生活中的高频口语3
从剑桥雅思看雅思口语的话题类型
雅思口语三重原则助你突破6分坎
雅思口语练习的三个步骤
雅思口语素材:好句推荐-微笑和沉默
雅思口语备考中的两大误区
雅思口语考试的暑期备考攻略
雅思口语备考中的两大误区介绍
雅思口语考试:平时的训练最关键
拉低考试分数的雅思口语错误
雅思口语范文:MUSIC
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |