副词
1.修饰功能
2.副词的位置
A短语之中depend largely on,different fundamentally from
stem largely from,result partially from
B副+限+形+名adv.+限定词+n转
almost all,not a woman
approximately 272,nearly a hundred 23 boys
C并列连词之后,从属连词之前
and thus,and thereby,and therefore;
and then,and even,and also;and not,and yet;or even
long before,simply because,ever since,only if,even though
3.用于修饰比较级
rather,much,even,far,vastly,fairly,a lot,considerably
a bit,a little,a little/bit,slightly,somewhat
4.greatly只修饰动词及分词,much不修饰形容词原形
great/greater great/greatly
5.副词的最高级可不加定冠词
flies live longest in the cool temperature.
6.so与such的用法
so主要用作副词,代词;such主要用作形容词和代词。这两个词都可以与that搭配使用,形成如此以至于的语意,在sothat-.结构中so是副词,在suchthat的结构中such是形容词,因为词性的不同,所以考生使用这两个词的时候要注意:such修饰名词性结构,so修饰形容词或副词。例如
She had such茧自缚a frightthat she fainted.她吓得昏倒了。
It is so smallthat you cannot see it.小得你看不出来。
代词
测试重点
与所指代的名词在数上一致;
与所指代的名词在性上一致;
与所指代的名词在格上一致;
反身代词
语法规则:动作的发出者与动作的承受者一致时,则必须用反身代词,不一致则不可用反身代词。
e.g.when her violation of school rulesforced her t0 quit school,she went to Beijing and opened a factory there.
反复代词
1.that指代不可数名词或抽象可数名词单数,经常出现在that of..结构中;
one指代泛指可数名词单数,即代具体可数名词单数,复数为ones;
2.与比较结构一同出现,例如:
These designs ale inferior to those proposed by the German company.这些设计图不如那家德国公司提供的设计图。
inferior tosuperior tosenior tojunior to prior to
posterior to prefer A to Bbe preferable differ frombe compared with
in comparison withbe different fromrather than
介词
1.时间介词
常见的时间介词有in,at,on,for,within等,它们分别与表示时间的词语构成句子中的时间状语,如:
in:
inspring在春天。in two months在两个月内;过两个月后。in those days在当时。in a few days几天以后,几天之内
at:
at five oclock在5点。at noon在中。at Christmas在圣诞节。atforty年四十
On:
on Sunday在星期日。on the morning of May 5th在五月五日的早晨。on arriving home一到家。
for:
for hours有几小时
within:
within a week在一个星期内。
2.动态介词与静态介词
介词短语结构与be动词搭配使用,构成系表结构,这个结构属于静态结构,通常用于描述事物的状态,特征,如:
The book is on the desk.那本书在桌上。
一些介词本身也可以区分为动态介词和静态介词,如:in,on,at等属于典型的静态介词,而into
和onto就属于典型的动态介词,举例如下:
in:live in London住在伦敦
on:with his hat on his head头上戴着帽子
at:at the foot ofthe hill在山脚
比较:
onto:get onto a horse骑到马上
into:go into a room走进屋里。
3.介词所带的宾语从句:
介词后面需要带名词性的结构作宾语,如果宾语是一个从句结构,则该介词带的是宾语从句,比较:
He is talking ofgoing abroda.他在说出国的事情
He is talking of what he wants to do.他在说他想要做什么。
动词
时态、语态
1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时态,也不用于完成进行时态。
1)表示感知的感官动词:hear,feeling,notice,recognize,see,taste,smell
2)表示意愿情感的动词:desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear,hate
3)表示思考看法的动词:believe,doubt,expecting,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose
4)表示拥有占有的动词:belong t0,owe,own,possess,hold
5)其他动词:cost,appear,concelll,contain,consist,deserve,matter,seem
2.不用will/shall表达将来时的形式:
1)be going to表示现在的打算和意图;
2)be about t0;be destined t0
3)be to表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事;
4)arrive,come,drive,g0,leave,retire,return,set off,start,take off等移位动词进行时表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作;
5)be on the point 0f表示马上就要,一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用;
6)be,begin,come,depart,get 0ff,g0,leave,return,start的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件;
7)在时间、条件状语从句中,一般现在时代替将来时;
3.与完成时态连用的句型和时间状语:
1)by/up to/till+过去时间、since,by the time/when+谓语动词是一般过去时的从句,主句用过去完成时;
2)by+将来时间、by the time/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句,主句用将来完成时;
3)recentlylatelyby nowso farsince+过去点时间in/during/for the past/last fewthree years/days/months.谓语动词用现在完成时态;
4)在It is the+序数词/形容词最高级+timedayyear+that的定语从句中,谓语动词用现在完成时态:
5)在no soonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen/before句型中,主句用过去完成时;
6)其它与完成时态连用的时间状语:all this while,all this year,for some time,already,before,just,long,yet等。
4.下列及物动词不能用于被动语态:
contain,cost,enter,fit,have,hold,lack,last,own,possess,belong to,resemble,suit,
wish,agree with,consist of,get to,keep track of,shake hands with,take part in,walk into,arrive at,reach
5.接动名词时主动形式表示被动意义的动词:
bear,deserve,merit,need,require,want,demand
6.后接副词时主动形式表示被动意义的动词:
wash,open,polish,wear,write,sell,pull,push,lock,clean,cut,spoil,read
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外星人的英文说法
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