英语四级30天学习笔记赵丽词汇语法(二)

　　不定式的常考形式：作定语，作状语

　　1、作状语表目的 To become a teacher, you must have a master degree.

　　2、定语表示将要做，分词作定语表示已完成。the surface to be glued / the surface glued

　　3、不定式的省略，如 help，使役动词 have，感观动词 see。

　　口诀：一个感觉 feel

　　两个听 hear/ listen to

　　三个让 have/ make/ get/ let

　　四个看 notice/ watch/ observe/ see

　　半个 help 两均可

　　被动以后 to 还原

　　My sisters professor had her _________ her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee.

　　A) rewritten B) to rewrite C) rewrite D) rewriting

　　注：have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事

　　Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _________ it closely.

　　A) followed B) following C) to follow D) being followed

　　注：1. 独立主格结构

　　2. 两个名词之间用-ing形式

　　3. 自然现象用主动形式

　　Dont get your schedule _________; stay with us in this class.

　　A) to change B) changing C) changed D) change

　　They are going to have the technician _________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A) install B) to install C) to be installed D) installed

　　注：1. 主动才能带宾语，have sb. do sth. 结构。

　　2. technician 技术工人

　　In Australia the Asians make their influence _________ in businesses large and small.

　　A) felling B) feel C) felt D) to be felt

　　Im very sorry to have _______ you with so many questions on such an occasion.

　　A) interfered B) offended C) impressed D) bothered

　　注：1. interfer 干涉，干扰 2. offend 冒犯 3. impress 印象;express 表达 4. bother 打扰

　　I have heard both teachers and students _______ well of him.

　　A) to speak B) spoken C) to have spoken D) speak

　　William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _______ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.

　　A) peculiarly B) indifferently C) vigorously D) inevitably

　　注: peculiarly 奇特的

　　You will see this product _______ wherever you go.

　　A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising

　　They noticed a crowd of people in front of the Madeleine _____.

　　A) shouting and cheering B) to shout and cheer

　　C) to be shouting and cheering D) being shouted and cheered

　　The children went there to watch the iron tower _______

　　A) to erect B) be erected C) erecting D) being erected

　　加不定式与doing含义不一样的动词

　　FROGS:forget remember/ regret go on stop

　　+ doing 表示已做的事情 + to do 表示没做的事情

　　I remember ______ to help us if we ever got into trouble.

　　A) once offering B) him once offering C) him to offer D) to offer him

　　If I had remembered ______ the window, the thief would not have got in.

　　A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed

　　应该类的虚拟语气

　　1、应该做的事情 I should go!

　　2、非现实情况的描述 I should be working now!

　　3、懊悔不已的事情 I should have practiced more.

　　4、要求类动词后需要用虚拟语气，should 可以省略

　　如：require 命令;request 要求;reticent 沉默的;retinue 随从 innocent 无辜的;天真的 I DROP CAPS: insist, demmand/ desire require/ request order propose

　　command advice prefer s uggest

　　You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.A) shouldnt follow B) mustnt followC) couldnt have been followingD) shouldnt have been following

　　The suggestion that the mayor _______ they prizes was accepted by everyone.

　　A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present

　　注：suggest + that 虚拟语气表建议should 可以省略suggest doing suggest 表明，不接虚拟

　　The manager of the hotel requests that their guests _________ after 11:00p.m.

　　A) not to play loud music B) shouldnt play loud music

　　C) dont play loud music D) couldnt play loud music

　　He suggested _________ to tomorrows exhibition together.

　　A) us to go B) we went C) we shall go D) we go

　　I dont think it advisable that Tim _________ to the job since he has no experience.

　　A) be assignedB) will be assignedC) is assignedD) has been assigned

　　It is recommended that the project _________ until all the preparations have been made.A) not be started B) will not be started C) is not started D) is not to be started

　　It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _________ after 11 oclock at night.A) were not playedB) not to playC) not be playedD) did not play

　　It is + adj. + that 句型，should 可以省略的虚拟。

　　adj.important necessary essential incredible strange naturalpity

　　ashame no wander

　　与事实相反类的虚拟

　　1、与现在事实相反：用一般过去时

　　I wish I were not here.

　　2、与过去事实相反：用过去完成时

　　I wish I had passed CET-4.

　　I wish I could have passed CET-4.

　　Sometimes I wish I ______ in a different time and a different place .

　　A) be living B) were living C) would live D) would have lived

　　Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes are behaviors.

　　A) by which B) to which C) in that D) so that

　　He is ______ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.

　　A) optimistic B) optional C) outstanding D) obvious

　　注：1. optimistic 乐观的2. optional 可选择的3. outstanding 突出的

　　It is essential that these application forms ______ back as early as possible.

　　A) must be sent B) will be sent C) are sent D) be sent注：It is + adj. +that 句型。

　　Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _________ your advice.

　　A) follow B) had followed C) would follow D) have followed

　　注：表示与过去事实相反。

　　I wish I _________ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.

　　A) have slept B) slept C) might have slept D) could have slept

　　注：表示与过去事实相反。

　　3、对将来事实可能出现的现象的否定推测，用虚拟语气。

　　I wish you couldnt smoke any more.

　　would/ could/ should/ might + v.

　　用be to 表示将来，虚拟语气中经常出现were to do

　　I am to go shopping. ---I were to go shopping.

　　If only I were to go shopping.

　　If only the committee _______ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.

　　A) approve B) will approve C) can approve D) would approve

　　虚拟条件句

　　定义：在一个与事实相反的条件的基础之上所得出的应该的亦或是可能的结论。

　　虚拟条件句的结构：与事实相反类+ 应该类

　　这两个部分没有必然而直接的联系，在解题时先看结论再看条件。

　　If Mr. Wang hadnt cultivated me, I shouldnt be working now.

　　同义词辨析：tame 驯化 breed 繁殖 raise 抚养 cultivate 培养

　　结论部分：would/ could/ should/ might + 虚拟

　　规律：如果把空格划在条件部分，一定要选择 were to;如果把空格划在结论部分，有could/ would/ should/ might +have +v.-ed 为正确答案。

　　有时一些介词也可以表示条件：In your position I would kill myself. = If I were in your position...

　　此类词有：otherwise/ but for/ without/ with

　　虚拟语气中 If 可以省略，但是句序要变，If I were you... 改为Were I you...

　　________ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.

　　A) Had they arrivedB) Would they arriveC) Were they arrivingD) Were they to arrive

　　Last year the advertising rate ________ by 20 percent.

　　A) raised B) aroused C) arose D) rose

　　Had he worked harder, he _________ the exams.

　　A) must have got throughB) could get through C) would get throughD) would have got through

　　注：条件部分省略了if 用了倒装。

　　Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _________ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.

　　A) has to ge tB) were to get C) had got D) could have got

　　_________ right now, she would get there on Sunday.

　　A) Would she leave B) If she leaves C) Were she to leave D) If she had left

　　We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we _________ him.

　　A) had telephoned B) must have telephoned C) would telephon D) would have telephoned

　　_____ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.A) Until B) Before C) From D) Since

　　注：not... until... 的句型。

　　Liquids are like solids _________ they have a definite volume.

　　A) with that B) for that C) in that D) at that

　　He must have had an accident, or he _________ then.

　　A) would have been here B) had to be here C) should be here D) would be here

　　注：1. must have done 表示对过去事实的肯定推测 2. or 表否定

　　It was essential that the application forms _____ back before the deadline.

　　A) must be sent B) would be sent C) be sent D) were sent

　　_____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work..

　　A) For now B) Now that C) Ever sine D) By now

　　注：1. for now 眼下，目前 2. now that 既然 3. ever since 自从以来 4. by now 至今为止

　　特殊句型：

　　1. would rather 加宾从时用一般过去时表示虚拟。

　　I would rather you didnt appear in my life.

　　联想单词记忆: Cupid 丘比特 Venus 维纳斯;金星 volcano 火山

　　Mars 战神 Apollo 阿波罗，太阳神 Diana 月亮女神

　　meander 蜿蜒而流 laurel 月桂树，桂冠 cupidity 贪婪

　　avenue 林荫大 revenue 收入，税入 adamant 坚强的

　　Adams apple 喉结

　　2. would rather 加动词时表示宁愿，相当于情态动词。

　　I would rather stay here .

　　3. would rather 与 than 搭配。

　　I would rather stay here than go home.

　　4. It is time... 句型，用一般过去时表虚拟语气。

　　It is time you picked up a girl.

　　You are very selfish. Its high time you _________ that you are not the most important person in the world, Edgar said to his boss angrily.

　　A) realized B) have realized C) realize D) should realize

　　These two areas are similar _________ they both have a high rainfall during this season.A) to that B) besides that C) in that D) except that

　　If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _________ now.

　　A) wouldnt be smiling B) couldnt have smiled C) wont smile D) didnt smile

　　注：混合虚拟语气

　　首先判断是否是虚拟语气;如果是虚拟语气的话，见到now就是混合虚拟语气

　　Id rather you _______ make any comment on the issue for the time being.

　　A) dont B) wouldnt C) didnt D) shouldnt

　　If she doesnt tell him the truth now, hell simply keep on asking her until she _____.

　　A) does B) has done C) will do D) would do

　　注：在条件句中在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。

　　You dont have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you _______ on business first.

　　A) would go B) will go C) went D) have gone

　　Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time ________?

　　A) we are going home B) we go home C) we went home D) we can go home

　　To be frank, Id rather you ________ in the case.

　　A) will not be involved B) not involved C) not to be involved D) were not involved

　　I have no objection ________ the evening with them.

　　A) to spend B) to spending C) of spending D) spending

　　It took him several months to ______ the wild horse.

　　A) tendB) cultivate C) tame D) breed

　　注：tend to 打算做某事 tend 照料 bar tender 调酒师

　　bargain 讨价还价，便宜货 bar 酒吧，棍子

　　embarrass 尴尬 ass 屁股，驴子，笨蛋 donkey 驴

　　barbarian 野蛮人 barren 贫瘠的 assassin 暗杀者

　　A completely new situation will _______ when the examination system comes into existence.A) rise B) arise C) raise D) arous

　　爱情三步曲II：

　　今天又是一个Friday，俺无事可做idleness，人也很lazy，

　　班长inform我，说今晚有个party，

　　一想到晚会上会assemblelady，心里感到阵阵 happy，

　　今晚上帝对俺特别的mercy，在墙角居然坐着个fairy，

　　lonely的眼神，迷人的appearance，

　　给俺留下很深的impression，

　　俺决定把握住这次opportunity，【Opportunity knocks only once.】

　　于是上前说：Hi, baby! 她看也不看就说busy，眼神中透露出indifferently，

　　于是俺说：俺多少也算是个celebrity，

　　这一招果然effective，她抬起眼看了看说really?

　　于是我摆了个pose说：你看我像不像Snoopy?

　　她说：切!那我就是lovely kitty。

　　笑容也变得sunny，就这样我认识了我的honey，

　　这个故事听起来像fantasy

　　一致关系：

　　结构一致

　　平行并列结构是由平行结构的连接词连接两个或两个以上对等的对象构成的。

　　SOFTEN 原则：Smile, Open, Forward, Touch, Eye contact, Nod

　　平行结构标志词 FANOYERMB：for, and, as well as, not...but, not only... but also, neither... nor, other than, yet, either... or, rather than, more than, but

　　I have nothing to do but call the police.

　　平行结构的原则：形式对称

　　I like watching TV _________ to the cinema.

　　A) more than to go B) than going C) more than going D) rather than to go

　　I appreciate _________ to your home.

　　A) to be invited B) to have invited C) having invited D) being invited

　　The match was cancelled because most of the members _________ a match without a standard court.

　　A) objected to having B) were objected to haveC) objected to haveD) were objected to having

　　Having no money but _______ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.

　　A) not to want anyoneB) not wanting anyoneC) wanted no oneD) to want no one

　　Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to _______ any further responsibilities.

　　A) take on B) get on C) put up D) look up

　　注：1. take on 承担;流行 2. get on 上车 g et into 钻进车里 3. put up 建立

　　Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ______ for her examination.A) to prepare B) to be prepared C) preparing D) being prepared

　　We desire that the tour leader _______ us immediately of any change in plans.

　　A) inform B) informs C) informed D) has informed

　　In the course of a day students do far more than just _______ classes.

　　A) attend B) attended C) to attend D) attending

　　Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _________ harm them.

　　A) more than B) other than C) rather than D) better than

　　注：1. rather than 而不是2 . more than 胜过 3. better than 比好

　　Not that John doesnt want to help you, _______ its beyond his power.

　　A) but that B) for that C) and that D) in that

　　注：1. 考的是not... but... 平行结构。2. beyond 超越 beyond ones imagination 超乎想象

　　Realizing that he hadnt enough money and _______ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.

　　A) not wanted B) not to want C) not wanting D) wanting not

　　代词指代一致：

　　one... another... one... the other... some... others... one... the others...

　　any 任何 each 每个

　　No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _____.A) the other B) any other C) another rD) other 注：neither 两者都不

　　P19-49]

　　I have two boys but _______ of them likes sweets.

　　A) both B) neither C) either D) none

　　注：common sense 常识 nonsense 胡说，谦虚地说

　　There were no tickets _________for Fridays performance.

　　A) preferable B) considerable C) possible D) available

　　注：1. preferable 更好的，更可取的具有比较意义的形容词要求和 to 来搭配，如 superior, senior, junior, inferior, A is sencond only to B

　　2. considerable 相当多的，大量的

　　The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at ________ chemists.

　　A) each B) some C) any D) certain

　　Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, _________ the color of his skin.A) regardless of B) in the light of C) by virtue of D) with the exception of

　　注：1. in the light of 根据 2. by virtue of 借助，由于 3. with the exception of 除了，相当于 other than

　　All the students in this class passed the English exam _________ the exception of Li Ming. A) on B) in C) for D) with

　　P31-40]Young adults _________ older people are more likely to prefer pop songs.

　　A) other than B) more than C) less than D) rather than

　　注：rather than 而不是

　　We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so lets have ________ one this month.A) another rB) more C) the other D) other

　　A new technique ________, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.

　　A) working out B) having worked out C) having been worked outD) to have been worked out

　　注：非谓语动词题型，句首出现名词为独立主格结构。

　　定语从句引导词：关系代词

　　1. which 指物，who 指人，人物混用/前面有不定代词/序数词/最高级时用that。

　　2. which 用在非限制定语从句，如：

　　He always changed his mind, which makes me angry.

　　3. as 也可以引导非限制定语从句。

　　as与which 的区别：

　　1) which只能用在句子中间和后边，而as可用在句首和句尾。

　　As makes me angry, he always changed his mind.

　　2) as 搭配：same as/ such as the same watch as you have

　　It wasnt such a good dinner _______ she had promised us.

　　A) that B) which C) as D) what

　　___ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.

　　A) That B) Which C) As D) It

　　The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _______ is often the case in other countries.

　　A) as B) what C) so D) that

　　We had to sleep in our wet clothes, _____ was most uncomfortable.

　　A) in which B) which C) where D) that

　　The goals _______ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.

　　A) after which B) for which C) with which D) at which

　　注：1. fight for 为而奋斗 2. fight with 与谁打架

　　The engine _______ smoke and steam.

　　A) gives up B) gives in C) gives away D) gives off

　　注：1. gives up 放弃 2. gives in 屈服

　　3. gives away 走漏风声，赠送 4. gives off 释放

　　The manager promised to keep me ________ of how our business was going on.

　　A) to be informed B) on informing C) informed D) informing

　　We need a chairman _________.

　　A) for whom everyone has confidence B) in whom everyone has confidence

　　C) who everyone has confidence of D) whom everyone has confidence on

　　注：have confidence in 对有信心

　　Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _______ obtaining fresh water is not the least.

　　A) with which B) for which C) of which D) which

　　注： 1. of which 其中

　　2. On the one hand, On the other hand, Last but not least

　　3. face something = be faced with

　　4. 依照原句型造句：

　　Learning English has its problems, of which reciting words is not the least.

　　Students will face a lot of problems, of which improving yourself is not the least

　　This is a subject about _____ we might argue for a long while.

　　A) that B) it C) which D) what

　　注：作为介词宾语用which不能用that，但in that 除外

　　介词 + which + to do 其功能相当于定语从句。

　　The key with which to open the door has been lost.

　　The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his arguments in favour of the new theory.A) to be based on B) to base on C) which to base on D) on which to base

　　注： fici- 做 sufficient 足够的 deficient 缺乏的 efficient 有效的

　　effect 有效 proficient 熟练的 bene- 好 beneficial 有益benediction 祝福

　　You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _________ to suspend your tent.

　　A) there B) them C) where D) which

　　When a fire ________ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed.

　　A) broke off B) broke down C) broke out D) broke up

　　注：1. break off 断裂 2. break up 打碎 3. break out 爆发

　　主谓一致

　　从句/ 不定式/ 动名词做主语，谓语是单数。

　　Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. 眼见为实。

　　You got 100 is a mystery to me.

　　从句在句子中做什么功能即为什么从句。

　　1、主语从句：

　　主语从句做主语，谓语动词单数。

　　主语从句的引导词：how, why, whether, that,whatHow close parents are to their children _________ a strong influence on the character of the children. A) have B) has C) having D) to have

　　In some countries, _________ is called equality does not really mean equal rights for all people.A) which B) one C) that D) what

　　2、定语从句主谓一致：取决于其先行词

　　3、随前一致：以前面的名词为准。

　　A with B 取决于A as well as including with together with accompanied by

　　4、随后一致：not A but B/ not only A but also B+ v. 与B一致

　　5、就近原则：以靠近的名词为准。

　　n1 or n2 +v. either n1 or n2 +v.

　　6、A and B 结构：

　　A and B 指同一个东西，是单数。

　　a lawyer and teacher law and order 法律法规

　　war and peace 战争与和平 bread and butter 基本生活必须品

　　butterfly 蝴蝶 To love and to be loved 爱与被爱

　　2)A and B 所指不同，是复数。 a lawyer and a teacher air and water

　　7、时间/距离/长度/重量做主语，谓语动词单数。 Time is money. 时间就是金钱。

　　8、百分比结构：取决于后面的名词。

　　of+n.+v. one+persent majority minority

　　9、many a +n./ more than one +n./ a n. or two/ every n1. and n2. 谓语动词都是单数。

　　10、The+adj. 表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。 The rich are always ridiculous.

　　Over a third of the population was estimated to have no ________ to the health service.A) assessment B) assignment C) exception D) access

　　The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ________ up to half will be from overseas.A) in which B) for whom C) with which D) of whom

　　百分比结构取决于后面的名词。

　　n1. of n2. 取决于n1.

　　The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _______ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.

　　A) have allowed B) allow C) allowing D) allows

　　You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.

　　A)shouldnt follow B) mustnt follow

　　C) couldnt have been following D)shouldnt have been following

　　--May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five oclock tonight?

　　--Im sorry. M. Williams _______ to a conference long before then.

　　A) will have gone B) had gone C) would have gone D) has gone

　　Everybody _______ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.

　　A) assembled B) accumulated C) piled D) joined

　　Putting in a new window will _______ cutting away part of the roof.

　　A) include B) involve C) contain D) comprise

　　注：involve doing 表示要求做

　　The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office.

　　A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work

　　She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ______ too long.

　　A) has been reading B) had read C) is reading D) read

　　Niagara Falls is a great tourist ______ drawing millions of visitors every year.

　　A) attention B) attraction C) appointment D) arrangement

　　I dont mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. A) you to delay making B) your delaying makingC) your delaying to make D) you delay to make

　　The hopes goals, fears and desires _______ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor. A) alter B) shift C) transfer D) vary

　　注：1. alter 细微的改变

　　2. shift 本质上的转变，性质上的转变

　　3. transfer 转学;调任工作 transform 改变 transport 运输 passport 护照

　　transplant 移植 transmit 传播 emit 释放

　　omit 省略

　　4. vary 差异 vary between/ throughout/ from A to B

　　A persons calorie requirements vary ________ his life.

　　A) across B) throughout C) over D) within

　　Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ________ obtaining water is not the least.A) for which B) to which C) of which D) in which

　　Which sport has the most expenses ________ training equipment, players personal equipment and uniforms?

　　A) in place of B) in terms of C) by means of D) by way of

　　注：in terms of 根据

　　Features such as height, weight, and skin color _________ from individual to individual and from face to face.A) change B) vary C) alter D) convert

　　注：convert 改变

　　Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ______ in Cuba.

　　A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D) cultivating

　　The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes. A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated

　　注：seat sb. 给某人安排座位

　　This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ______ comfortably.

　　A) is worn B) wears C) wearing D) are worn

　　注：感观动词用主动

　　Some diseases are _____ by certain water animals.

　　A) transplanted B) transformed C) transported D) transmitted

　　Wouldnt you rather your child _______ to bed early?

　　A) go B) went C) would go D) goes

　　coincidence 巧合 意见的)一致

　　倒装

　　1、承前否定，前面是否定后面也是否定意义。

　　nor, neither

　　I cannt answer, nor can I.

　　nor 是连词，neither 既是连词又是副词

　　I cannt answer, but neither can I。

　　考试中neither和nor同时出现时，通常考得是neither的副词用法。

　　She never laughed, _________ lose her temper.

　　A) or she ever did B) nor did she ever C) or did she ever D) nor she ever did

　　注: lost ones temper 发脾气

　　The manager lost his _________ just because his secretary was ten minutes late.

　　A) mood B) temper C) mind D) passion