69 The Revolution in American Higher Education
To produce the upheaval in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid 1860s to the mid 1880s, three primary causes interacted. The emergence of a half dozen leaders in education provided the personal force that was needed. Moreover, an outcry for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction arose among the alumni and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode all conservative opposition. The aggressive Young Yale movement appeared, demanding partial alumni control, a more liberal spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard college simultaneously rallied to relieve the colleges poverty and demand new enterprise. Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by throwing off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new sense of public duty. The old style classical education received its most crushing blow in the citadel of Harvard College, where Dr. Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirty five, son of a former treasurer of Harvard, led the progressive forces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliots administration. They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the curriculum and the development of the elective system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professional training in law, medicine, and engineering to a postgraduate level, and the fostering of greater maturity in students life. Standards of admission were sharply advanced in 1872-1873 and 1876-1877. By the appointment of a dean to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of discipline, the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and less as young animals. One new course of study after another was opened up - science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics, classical philology, and international law.
美国习惯用语-第88讲:buddy
美国习惯用语-第114讲:beefy/to beef up
美国习惯用语-第90讲:to let sleeping dogs 
美国习惯用语-第103讲:To give up the ghos
美国习惯用语-第112讲:to smell fishy/to fish&n
美国习惯用语-第102讲:brainchild
美国习惯用语-第86讲:to let the cat out&n
美国习惯用语-第77讲:swing voter
美国习惯用语-第94讲:cloudy
美国习惯用语-第135讲:to play ball/on the 
美国习惯用语-第91讲:to throw a curve
美国习惯用语-第103讲:To give up the ghos
美国习惯用语-第111讲:shrimp/crab
美国习惯用语-第106讲:to grab a bite
美国习惯用语-第132讲:backslider/backslapper
美国习惯用语-第134讲:in the pink/fit as
美国习惯用语-第109讲:to call up
美国习惯用语-第79讲:sleaze
美国习惯用语-第98讲:to put on the back&n
美国习惯用语-第107讲:hors d´oeuvres
美国习惯用语-第96讲:basket case
美国习惯用语-第67讲:to get a kick out&nb
美国习惯用语-第66讲:baloney
美国习惯用语-第89讲:to go to the dogs
美国习惯用语-第119讲:chicken out/chicken feed
美国习惯用语-第105讲:to brainstorm
美国习惯用语-第95讲:on a cloud
美国习惯用语-第81讲:on the fence
美国习惯用语-第76讲:blame game
美国习惯用语-第110讲:to rub elbows
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