Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition(营养不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage to the cause and then relate that cause to another effect. This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working -temperature will rise-milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose (判定)a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
注:1.causal 原因的,因果关系的
2.三种推理方式:从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另一个结果,第三种更重要
3.extensive 广泛的,来自extend延伸 extensive reading 泛读
4.In other words 换而言之 a succession of 一系列
5.本段讲关系链
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory(起辅助作用的). A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion ,is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided , though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs(火花塞)or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
注:intersection 交叉路口 inter+section。
谢耳朵担任执导医务新剧,演艺事业如日中天!
国际英语资讯:Debris cleanup after Harvey in progress: Texas governor
苹果推出AirPods Pro无线降噪耳机,形似豌豆射手
国际英语资讯:Greek parliament approves bill to accelerate asylum procedures
全球实力正向亚洲转移
湖北省枣阳市高级中学2017-2018学年高二8月月考英语试卷
国内英语资讯:China-Uzbekistan relations enter golden period of rapid development: Premier Li
站在微波炉前会被辐射吗?FDA:不用太担心
凯特王妃孕后首现公益活动,呼吁关注儿童心理健康
国内英语资讯:China to better protect cultural relics
德国男子目击车祸“见死不救”还围观拍视频!
国内英语资讯:Top legislator wants better law enforcement of solid waste pollution
惊呆了:男子常年宿醉,因为肚子里会自动酿酒
飓风玛利亚袭击维京群岛和波多黎各
布鲁克林恋情公布!对象震惊到我了
国际英语资讯:Quake kills more than 100 people in central Mexico
高质量的睡眠比加薪更幸福
老人给孙子进行入园不吃亏培训 有人推你就咬他!
LV的母公司LVMH试图收购Tiffany
国际英语资讯:Fourth BRICS Media Forum adopts action plan
国内英语资讯:China to further cross-border e-commerce to boost foreign trade
傻脸娜的新歌影射比伯,霉霉高调介入了
国内英语资讯:China Focus: China works hard to communicate its message
国际英语资讯:News Analysis: Controversial referendum by Iraqi Kurds raises fears about opening Pandoras
体坛英语资讯:Poland smash Tunisia at FIVB Volleyball Mens World Cup
国内英语资讯:Top political advisor stresses uniting overseas Chinese
早餐吃晚了叫 brunch,那晚餐吃早了叫什么?
爱的眼镜
国际英语资讯:Two more men arrested over London tube blast
2017搞笑诺贝尔奖揭晓啦!看看今年奇葩研究都有啥
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |