理解难,难在长难句。如何破解长难句,是做好四级阅读理解的关键一环。破解长难句通常采用方法是找准主谓宾去除定状补,笔者认为,抓住长难句特点进行庖丁解牛是破解四级阅读理解长难句的又一制胜法宝。
四级阅读理解长难句有以下六大特点:
1、 主语拉长
一般来讲,汉语主语比较简短。相比之下,英语中主语一旦拉长,就会增加读者的理解难度。
解决方法:有效分解主谓成分,断开之后各个击破。例如:
The streams, lakes, meadows, mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears have also attracted more people to the region. (2005.6)
首先,把原句子分解为两个简单独立的句子:
(1)The streams, lakes, meadows, mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林,使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地
(2)have also attracted more people to the region. 吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。
其次,句子整合翻译:
溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林,这些不仅使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地,而且吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。
2、 分词短语打头,句子呈现三段(或三段以上)的长句式
分词短语(包括现在分词和过去分词)做状语,这一句式比较常见,读者阅读时由于要区分短语和主语之间的逻辑关系,所以理解上有难度。并且分词短语本身往往由于掺入了插入语成分,理解上就更为困难。
解决方法:理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系;而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。
例如:
Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvanis, the Conservancy s Bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth environmental protection. (2005.6)
翻译:在宾西法尼亚州的朗庞德村庄有一栋上百年历史的校舍,大自然保护协会的成员巴德-库克就在这里办公,他与当地人民和商业领导合作,以努力平衡好经济发展与环境保护之间的关系。
☆注意:介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。例如:
In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. (2005.1)
翻译:有一段时间,美国的儿童学业表现不尽如人意,许多人于是转向日本,想从中寻求可能的解决办法,因为日本不仅经济实力强,而且学术成就也很高。
☆特别注意不定式to位于句首表目的,一定是考试重点。例如:
原文:To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group.
翻译:为了使孩子能在一年级和以后有良好的表现,日本的学校并不教授阅读、写作、和算数,而是教孩子们诸如毅力、注意力和群体合作能力等技巧。
考题:In Japan s preschool education, the focus is on
A. preparing children academically B. developing children s artistic interests
C. tapping children s potential D. shaping children s character
3、多重复合句叠加
所谓多重复合句叠加,就是说一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式(并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等)。
解决方法:分清主从句,理清句子逻辑关系至关重要。通常采用图表法。例如:
(1)Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again.
结构图:
★① ☆①
○ ○
★② ☆②
说明:
○ ○=then there is the general, all covering apology
★①=which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act
★②= and which the person should promise never to do again
☆①= that was particularly hurtful or insulting
☆②= Who is apologizing
显然,原句子是由有there be引导做主句,后面跟了两个which 引导的定语从句,两者是并列的。比较特殊的是which定语从句中有各自有一个定语从句,像是一个连环套。
分解为以下几个句子:
1.Then there is the general, all covering apology
2.Which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act
3.That was particularly hurtful or insulting
4.And which the person
5.Who is apologizing
6.Should promise never to do again
翻译:
1.然后就有了一种一般意义的、无所不包的道歉
2.这种道歉避免了一种指明特别行为的必要性
3.特别是让人伤心或者令人委屈的行为
4.这种道歉使得人们
5.道歉的人们
6.承诺以后不再犯类似的行为
句子整合翻译:然后还有一种泛泛的无所不包的道歉,这种道歉避免了一种指明特别让人伤心、特别令人委屈的、道歉者应该保证以后不会再犯的具体行为。
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