导语:英语四级考试已经进入到备考阶段,在备考英语四级考试时,小编向大家推荐一些英语四级阅读材料,帮助大家扩充阅读资源,增加词汇量。原文标题:自言自语其实没那么可怕。帮助大家更好的备考,大家一起来学习一下吧。预祝大家考试取得好成绩!
本篇阅读材料 自言自语其实没那么可怕 选自《时代》(原文标题:Talking to Yourself: Not So Crazy After All 2012.5.23)
How and when you self-talk can increase your concentration and improve performance.
In the privacy of our minds, we all talk to ourselves an inner monologue that might seem rather pointless. As one scientific paper on self-talk asks: What can we tell ourselves that we dont already know? But as that study and others go on to show, the act of giving ourselves mental messages can help us learn and perform at our best. Researchers have identified the most effective forms of self-talk, collected here so that the next time you talk to yourself, you know exactly what you should say.
Self-talk isnt just motivational messages like You can do it! or Almost there, although this internal cheering section can give us confidence. A review of more than two dozen studies, published last year in the journal Perspectives on Psychological Science, found that theres another kind of mental message that is even more useful, called instructional self-talk. This is the kind of running commentary we engage in when were carrying out a difficult task, especially one thats unfamiliar to us. Think about when you were first learning to drive. Your self-talk might have gone something like this: Foot on the gas pedal, hands on the wheel, slow down for the curve here, now put your blinker on
Over time, of course, giving yourself instructions becomes unnecessary but while youre learning, it does three important things. First, it enhances our attention, focusing us on the important elements of the task and screening out distractions. Second, it helps us regulate our effort and make decisions about what to do, how to do it, and when. And third, self-talk allows us to control our cognitive and emotional reactions, steadying us so we stay on task.
In a recent study of students learning to throw darts in a gym class, Athanasios Kolovelonis and his colleagues at the University of Thessaly in Greece found that self-talk is most effective when incorporated into a cycle of thought and action. First comes forethought, when you set a goal for yourself and make a plan for how to get there. Thats followed by performance, when you enact the plan to the best of your ability. Last comes self-reflection, when you carefully evaluate what youve done and adjust your plan for the next time.
Self-talk can play a key part in this cycle. During the forethought phase, consider carefully what youll say to yourself. You can even write out a script. Repeat these self-instructions during the performance phase. With practice, you may find that your self-instructions become abbreviated; research has found that these so-called cue words can become powerful signals. In a study of elite sprinters, for example, the runners spoke certain words to themselves at certain times: push during the acceleration phase of the sprint, heel during the maximum-speed phase, and claw during the endurance phase. When they used these cue words, the athletes ran faster.
After the action is over, consider how you might change your self-talk to improve your performance next time so that at the moment it matters, the right words are ringing in your ears.
commentary n. 评论;注释;评注;说明
carry out 执行;贯彻
be unfamiliar to 与 不熟悉
enhance v. 加强;提高
screen out 筛选
distraction n. 注意力分散;消遣;心烦意乱
steady v. 稳固;使稳定 adj. 稳定的;沉着的
stay on 继续停留;保持
enact v. 颁布;制定法律
forethought n. n. 深谋远虑;先见;考虑将来
abbreviated adj. 简短的;小型的
cue words 提示语
ring in ones ears (话语)在耳边回荡
Question time:
1. What is self-talk indeed?
2. Whats the benefit of self-talk according to the passage?
并列结构作主语时谓语动词的数
many a与more than one作主语时谓语的数
谓语应该跟主语一致还是跟表语一致
表语或状语置于句首时的完全倒装
数量概念作主语时谓语动词的数
否定副词之后的倒装
涉及not only...but also...的部分倒装
主谓一致的三个原则
the rest (of)等作主语,谓语的数取决于什么
非谓语动词作主语时的主谓一致
类似So / Neither do I的部分倒装
a (the) number of…作主语时谓语的数
几个容易弄错的主谓一致问题
不定代词作主语时谓语动词的数
这几道题的谓语用单数还是用复数
连词or与主谓一致
意义一致的三个典型用法
并列结构作主语的主谓一致
从句作主语时的主谓一致
时间、距离、金额作主语时谓语动词的数
主谓一致
主谓一致的易错点归纳
地点状语后的倒装
不定代词作主语的主语一致归纳
population作主语的主谓一致问题
采用“就近原则”的两个典型用法
百分数作主语谓语动词的数的问题
means作主语时谓语动词用单数还是复数
这类结构的谓语应与哪个主语保持一致
涉及否定的部分倒装
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |