Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, among educators. But the careful use of small rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively task, they show the most creativity, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy to creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and failing grades.
In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
A) mental
B) promise
C) kill
D) avoid
E) hope
F) especially
G) aid
H) ordinary
I) approval
J) monetary
K) generally
L) improve
M) challenging
N) restore
O) excellent
心理学家们对于外在的奖励,从热情的称赞到冰冷冷的金钱刺激,会怎样影响一个人动力与创造力,持有截然不同的看法。研究行为和结果之间关系的行为学家认为:奖励能够提高人们的工作和学习表现。研究各种精神生活方面的认知派研究专家却认为:由于奖励助长了人们期望得到别人以同的心理和对物质奖励的依赖心理,往往会破坏创造力。
后一种观点得到了更多的支持,特别是教育界人士。然而《个性和社会心理学期刊》六月份刊载的一篇论文却指出:谨慎地使用少量的金钱奖励会激发小学生的创造力,这表明适当地给予物质刺激确实有助于激发创造力。
如果孩子们知道他们在为获得奖励而努力,而且能专注于较有挑战性的任务,他们就会表现出很大的创造力,纽瓦克特拉华大学的Robert Eisenberger说,但是如果孩子表现不佳也给予奖励,或是造成孩子对奖励过分期待,就很容易扼杀创造力。
Eisenberger认为:一名教师如果总是把注意力放在奖励上,或是对于学生的一般表现也给高分,最终会扼杀学生们的灵感。作为后一种观点的一个例证,Eisenberger指出,主要的几所大学都在为尽力严格评分标准和恢复不及格分而不断努力。
这位来自特拉华大学的心理学家认为:在较低的年级里,实行所谓的奖励体系,即根据学生处理有挑战性问题的表现给其判定分数,以决定学生能否得到有价值的奖励。这一奖励机制在激发学生努力提高其创造力方面还是非常有前景的。
36.【解析】L。由can得知此处填动词原形。第一段主要提出了行为学家和认知派研究专家对于额外奖励的不同看法,因此可以推出此处应填与destroy意思相反的动词,选项有improve和aid,但能与performance构成动宾搭配的只有improve,故排除aid,选improve。
37.【解析】I。由空格后的and gifts可知此处应填名词。认知派研究专家认为,由于奖励助长了人们期望、从别人那得到和物质奖励的心理,而往往会破坏创造力,因此,选项中只有approval认同符合题意。
38.【解析】 F。此处应填副词。可选项有generally和especially,但从文章后面所举的例子来理解,此处是为了突出强调教育家支持认知派研究专家的看法,因此只有especially尤其,特别符合题意。
39.【解析】J。此处应填形容词修饰rewards。由But转折可知此句表明的观点与认知派研究专家的观点物质奖励有害相反,因此可以推出此处应填的形容词是表示物质奖励意思的词,选项中只有monetary符合题意。
40.【解析】 G。此处应填动词。由But转折可知,此处表明的观点与前者即行为学家所持的观点一致,原文为适当地给予奖励刺激确实创造力,选项中只有aid有助于符合题意。
41.【解析】M。此处应填形容词修饰task。从原文来看,如果孩子们知道他们在为获得奖励而努力,并能专注于相对的任务,他们就会表现出很大的创造力,因此只有challengin9符合题意。
42.【解析】 C。由it its easy to d0结构可知,此处应填动词原形。由此句中But转折与前一句中show the most creativity可以推出,此处应填的词应与show the most creativity表达的意思相反,且与destroy意思相近,故选项中只有kill符合题意。
43.【解析】H。此处应填形容词修饰achievement0由此句中high grades和uninspired可以推出此处应填的词应与high形成对比,故只有ordinary符合。
44.【解】 N。由空格前的and可知,此处应填动词,与tighten构成并列。可选项有avoid和restore,但由tighten可推出,既然是使评分标准严格,那么就会有高分和低分,也会有不及格,故只有restore恢复符合题意。avoid避免不符合原文意思。
45.【解析】B。很明显此处应填名词作shows的宾语。原文为实行所谓象征性奖励,在努力提高学生创造力方面有,可选项有promise和hope,而hope是人主观的愿望、希望,但此处强调的是 有实现的可能性,有前景,故排除hope而选promise。
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