35
Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computers progress in the ability to learn from experience.
Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer .all a programmer has to do is give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chessliterally trillions. Even if such a program were written , there is no computer capable of holding that much data.
Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own programm, to deal with a relatively unstructured situationin a word, to think for itself . In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.
There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted , winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it . But there are many serious human problems which ban be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problemsinternational and interpersonal relations , ecology and economics , and the ever-increasing threat of world faminecan perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers .
1 The purpose of creating chess-playing computers is __________
A to win the world chess champion B to pave the way for further intelligent computers
C to work out strategies for international wars D to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress
2 Today , a chess-playing computer can be programmed to ________
A give trillions of reponses in a second to each possible move and win the game
B function with complete data and beat the best players
C learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the game
D evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each time
3 For a computer to think , it is necessary to ________
A mange to process as much data as possible in a second B program it so that it can learn from its experiences
C prepare it for chess-playing first D enable it to deal with unstructured situations
4 The authors attitude towards the Defense Department is____
A critical B unconcerned C positive D negative
5 In the authors opinion,______
A winning a chess game is an unimportant event B serious human problems shouldnt be regarded as playing a game
C ecological problems are more urgent to be solved D there is hope for more intelligent computers
参考答案:B C B C D
2016届高考英语二轮复习练习:必修3(北师大版)
2016届高考英语二轮词法专题讲座素材:7 形容词、副词
2016届高考英语二轮复习课时提升练:18 选修6 Unit 18 Beauty(北师大版)
2016届高考英语二轮复习练习:必修1(北师大版)
2016届高考英语二轮复习语法专项突破:第7节 情态动词和虚拟语气(北师大版)
2016届高考英语二轮复习练习:选修6(北师大版)
英媒炒作梅姨的大长腿 全英人民怒了
2016届高考英语(新课标全国卷Ⅰ)二轮复习课件:专题2 阅读理解 第2讲
同义词Avenue,Road,Street,Way的区别
2016届高考英语二轮复习语法专项突破:第2节 代词和it的用法(北师大版)
2016届高考英语二轮复习语法专项突破:第5节 动词的时态和语态(北师大版)
2016届高考英语二轮复习课时提升练:24 选修8 Unit 24 Society(北师大版)
2016届高考英语二轮复习语法专项突破:第3节 形容词和副词(北师大版)
2016届高考英语二轮复习练习:必修2(北师大版)
2016届高考英语(新课标全国卷Ⅰ)二轮复习课件:专题4 完形填空
2016届高考英语(新课标全国卷Ⅰ)二轮复习课件:专题2 阅读理解 第4讲
2016届高考英语二轮复习语法专项突破:第6节 非谓语动词(北师大版)
2016届高考英语二轮复习练习:选修7(北师大版)
2016届高考英语(新课标全国卷Ⅰ)二轮复习课件:专题2 阅读理解 第3讲
2016届高考英语二轮复习练习:必修5(北师大版)
2016届高考英语(新课标全国卷Ⅰ)二轮复习课件:专题4 非谓语动词
2016届高考英语(新课标全国卷Ⅰ)二轮复习课件:专题3 七选五
2016届高考英语(新课标全国卷Ⅰ)二轮复习课件:专题8 特殊句式
2016届高考英语二轮复习课时提升练:23 选修8 Unit 23 Conflict(北师大版)
2016届高考英语二轮复习课时提升练:19 选修7 Unit 19 Language(北师大版)
2016届高考英语二轮复习语法专项突破:第10节 状语从句(北师大版)
2016届高考英语二轮词法专题讲座素材:8 动词及时态
2016届高考英语二轮复习课时提升练:22 选修8 Unit 22 Environmental Protection(北师大版)
2016届高考英语二轮复习课时提升练:21 选修7 Unit 21 Human Biology(北师大版)
2016届江苏省高考英语二轮专项突破:题型组合练(3)
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |