六级考试阅读备考课堂笔记47

　　69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _________.

　　A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students

　　B) punishment is more effective than rewarding

　　C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards

　　D) discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency

　　70. The phrase token economies probably refers to _________.

　　A) ways to develop economy

　　B) systems of rewarding students

　　C) approaches to solving problems

　　D) methods of improving performance

　　Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:

　　Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.

　　注：1.opposing 相反的

　　2.插入语 from warm praise to cold cash 用来解释 external rewards

　　3.argue 认为

　　4.maintain 认为，维持

　　●对比型文章：文章提到两种相反观点，抓住以下几点

　　1.文章主题即对比方面;

　　2.抓住各派观点

　　3.抓住作者态度(a.支持一派反对另一派 b.中立态度)

　　The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of

　　small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

　　注：1.spark 火花激发

　　2.作者用词 careful, properly 表明作者态度是中立的

　　67. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?

　　A) They have no doubts about them.

　　B) They have doubts about them.

　　C) They approve of them.

　　D) They avoid talking about them.

　　注：只有B 项为负态度

　　If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

　　注：anticipation 期望，预期