Adam Smith, writing in the 1770s, was the first person to see the importance of the division of labor and to explain part of itsadvantages. He gives as an example the process by which pins were made in England.
One man draws out the wire, another strengthens it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top to prepare it to receive the head. To put it on is a separate operation, to polish the pins is another. It is even a trade by itself to put them into the paper. And the important business of making pins is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which in some factories are all performed by different people, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them.
Ten men, Smith said, in this way, turned out twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4800 pins apiece. But if all of them had worked separately and independently without division of labor, they certainly could not each of them have made twenty pins in a day and perhaps not even one.
There can be no doubt that division of labor, provided that it is not taken too far, is an efficient way of organizing work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam Smith saw this but he also took it for granted that division of labor is in itself responsible for economic growth and development and that it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still. But division of labor adds nothing new; it only enables people to produce more of what they already have.
21. According to the passage, Adam Smith was the first person to_______.
A. take advantage of the division of labor
B. introduce the division of labor into England
C. understand the effects of the division of labor
D. explain the causes of the division of labor
22. Adam Smith saw that the division of labor_______.
A. enabled each worker to make pins more quickly and more cheaply
B. increased the possible output per worker
C. increased the number of people employed in factories
D. improved the quality of pins produced
23. Adam Smith mentioned the number 4800 in order to_______.
A. show the advantages of the division of labor
B. show the advantages of the old craft system
C. emphasize how powerful the individual worker was
D. emphasize the importance of increased production
24. According to the writer, Adam Smiths mistake was in believing that division of labor
A. was an efficient way of organizing work
B. was an important development in methods of production
C. inevitably led to economic development
D. increased the production of existing goods
25. The division of labor may become inefficient in organizing work if A. it is taken too far B. it is taken for granted C. it is made use of on a regular base D. it is widely used
21. C 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. A
情态动词+ have +过去分词
牛津实用英语语法 名词的所有格形式
牛津实用英语语法 30 词形相同的副词与形容词
牛津实用英语语法 39 各种副词及副词短语在同一句中的位置
牛津实用英语语法 不可数名词
牛津实用英语语法 27 形容词+动词不定式/that从句/介词结构
牛津实用英语语法 37 时间副词
牛津实用英语语法 47 both
牛津实用英语语法 61 ever位于who,what,where,why,when,how
牛津实用英语语法 41 程度副词
牛津实用英语语法 33 much,more,most
牛津实用英语语法 40 句子副词
牛津实用英语语法 79指人的非限定性关系从句
牛津实用英语语法 名词的复数形式
牛津实用英语语法 31 比较级与最高级
牛津实用英语语法 45 某些副词之后的倒装
牛津实用英语语法 26形容词+动词不定式
牛津实用英语语法 38 频度副词
牛津实用英语语法 48 all/both/each+of和其他可以替代的结构
牛津实用英语语法 25 many和much的用法(作形容词和代词)
牛津实用英语语法 52 else位于someone/anybody/nothing等之后
牛津实用英语语法 20形容词的比较等级
牛津实用英语语法 69 neither/either,someone/everyone/no o
表示推测的用法
牛津实用英语语法 50 some,any,no和none(形容词和代词)
牛津实用英语语法 51 someone,somebody,something,anyone,
牛津实用英语语法 a/an的用法
牛津实用英语语法 24形容词+one/ones和形容词作代词
牛津实用英语语法 a/an的省略
牛津实用英语语法 57 who,whom,which和what作介词宾语
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