淘金高阶英语六级巅峰阅读 篇章阅读18：认知与学习

　　篇章阅读18：认知与学习

　　To say that the child leams by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must tum to a more subtle theory than Monkey see. monkey do .

　　Look at it from the childs point of view.Here he is in a new situation,lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends.If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do.he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.

　　There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only io find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message. be is told emphatically that such a racket is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus. the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child leams is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.

　　In finding trial responses. the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like. rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players;while some other person may most influence his approach to books.

　　Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole. and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations. imitating much that they do. We leam that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.

　　参考译文

　　断言孩子们通过模仿来学习。而教育的方式就是树立好的榜样，这是把问题过于简单化了。没有一个孩子是看到什么就模仿什么的。有时，他无视家长希望他效仿的榜样，反而向其他榜样学一些截然相反的方式。照此我们应当放弃 小猴看样学样 的观点，转而探索更深奥的理论。

　　从孩子的立场来看看这个问题。他处于新情况下，没有形成现成的反应。他寻找一个能够实现一定目的的反应。如果他对这一新情况既没有现成反应，又不能想出该怎么去做，他会选择一个榜样来观察，这个榜样看起来能获得正确的结果，他会寻找一个能指导他如何去做的权威或专家。

　　这种情况下还有一种因素在起作用。孩子们也许能够立刻实现他们的直接目标，却发现他的这种做法遭到其监护人的批评。当他隔着屋子大声喊叫着传话的时候，他被极力告诫叫嚷是不礼貌的，他应当走进隔壁房间，安静地说。这样一来，单纯应付客观情况的愿望就被恰当处理该情况的愿望压倒。孩子们较早就知道的事情之一就是，当他的父母满意他的反应时，他就会得到更多的关爱和表扬。后来进一步得知别的大人奖励一些行为而批评另一些行为。如果一个人想要保持自尊和别人对他的支持，他就必须采取被其所处的社会团体认同的反应。

　　在寻找可行的反应时，学习者不会随便选择模仿对象。他模仿那些看上去值得效仿的人，而避免模仿那些社会身份他自己并不认同的人。如果这个学生想成为一个卓越的小提琴手，他就会观察并模仿一个出色琴手的技巧，而另外某个人则最可能影响他接近书籍。

　　对一个人某一方面品质的崇拜常常使我从整体上崇拜这个人，于是他成了名人。我们把一些人当成各种情形下模仿的对象，模仿他们的一举一动。我们知道他们是可靠、值得模仿的对象，因为模仿他们可以走向成功。

　　测试题

　　1. By the last sentence of the first paragraph, the author_______________.

　　A) compares children s behaviors to monkeys

　　B) tells us that children do not learn by imitation

　　C) thinks it is partial co regard imitation as Monkey see, monkey do

　　D) means that children should not learn by imitating their parents

　　2. The first element at work when a child learns by imitation is__________________.

　　A) the need to find a way to attain the desired goal

　　B) the desire to be acknowledged by his social group

　　C) the desire to find an expert and authority

　　D) the need to find a way to avoid criticism

　　3. According to the third paragraph, besides achieving his goals. a child should also leam to_____.

　　A) attain his desired results as soon as possible

　　B) show his love for his parents and friends

　　C) talk in a low voice

　　D) behave properly

　　4. It can be inferred that children usually imitate people______________.

　　A) who do not scold them B) who they want to be like

　　C) who have a high social status D) who give them many rewards

　　5. The last two paragraphs are mainly about_________________.

　　A) how children leam by imitation

　　B) the motive of children s imitation

　　C) how children choose models

　　D) how imitation influence children s growth

　　选项翻译与答案详解

　　1.作者第一段的最后一句话______________。

　　A)将儿童的行为与猴子的行为作了比较

　　B)告诉我们儿童不是靠模仿来学习的

　　C)告诉我们，作者认为把模仿看做 有样学样 是不全面的

　　D)意思是孩子不应该通过模仿父母来学习

　　首段末句提到，我们应当放弃 小猴看样学样 的观点，转而探索型深奥的理论。而文章首句中也说断言孩子们通过模仿来学习是把问题过于简单化了。结合这两句可知，认为模仿就是 小猴看样学样 有失偏颇，因此选项C为正确答案。

　　2.孩子通过模仿来学习时，第一个起作用的因素是_________________。

　　A)需要找到一个方法来获得想要的目标

　　B)想要获得他的社会群体的认可

　　C)想要找到一个专家和权威

　　D)需要找到一个方法来避免受批评

　　第2段第2、3句提到，孩子处在新情况下，没有形成现成的反应。他寻找一个能够实现一定目的的反应。如果他对这个新情况既没有现成反应，又不能想出该怎么去做，就会想通过模仿来学习。所以在这个过程中起作用的第一个因素是寻找一个能够实现一定目的的反应，因此选项A为正确答案。

　　3.根据第三段讲到的内容，除了获得目标，儿童也应该学会____________。

　　A)尽快获得他想要的结果 B)显示出他爱父母和朋友

　　C)低声说话 D)做出恰当的行为

　　第3段第2句提到，孩子们也许能够立刻实现他们的直接目标，却发现他的这种做法遭到其监护人的批评。接着通过举例说明孩子还得学会举止得当。因此选项D为正确答案。

　　4.可以推论出，儿童通常会模仿________________。

　　A)很少责骂自己的人 B)他们想要成为的人

　　C)有较高社会地位的人 D)给他们很多奖励的人

　　第4段第2句提到，孩子会模仿那些看上去值得效仿的人，第3句举例如果这个学生想成为一个卓越的小提琴手，他就会观察并模仿一个出色琴手的技巧，也就是说他们会模仿那些他们想成为的人，因此选项B为正确答案。

　　5.最后两段主要是讲___________________。

　　A)儿童如何靠模仿来学习 B)儿童模仿的动机

　　C)儿童最可能选择什么样的人来模仿 D)模仿是怎样影响儿童的成长的

　　文章倒数第2、3段提到， 学习者不会随便选择模仿对象 ， 他模仿那些看上去值得效仿的人 ， 我们知道他们是可靠、值得模仿的对象，因为模仿他们可以走向成功 ，可见最后两段都是关于如何选择榜样的，所以选项C为正确答案。