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非谓语动词结构
常见考点突破
非谓语动词的概念
不能作谓语的动词形式就是非谓语动词,主要有一下三大类:分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词可以充当多种成分,如:主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。下面我们将从句法功能入手来分析这三大类非谓语动词。
非谓语动词的三大类型
分词
分词有两类,即现在分词和过去分词。从意义上来说,现在分词主要表示主动或进行状态;过去分体则体现被动或完成状态。分词在句中可作多种成分:
分词作定语。例如:
Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof.
The girl standing there was crying.
分词作状语。例如:
He glanced over at her, nothing that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.
He fired, killing one of the passers-by.
Being tired with the work, he sat down to rest.
不定式
不定式由to+动词原形构成,具有动词的特征,同时也有名词,形容词和副词的特征,具体属于哪个特征应视所处语境而定。
不定式作目的状语。例如:
He sent his daughter to America to learn English.
不定式作宾语补足语。例如:
We believe him to be guilty.
不定式作后置定语。例如:
The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.
不定式作主语。例如:
To know oneself is difficult.
不定式作表语。例如:
My work is to clean the room every day.
动名词
动名词在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing,但其表达的动作意义不如现在分词强,因为动名词已经将动作名词化了,从某种意义上说,动名词就相当于名词,代词了。
动名词作主语。例如:
Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview; having the answers ready will be of great help.
动名词作表语。例如:
Her job was washing clothes.
动名词作宾语。例如:
I avoid telling Jane the truth because I knew she would be angry.
动名词作定语。例如:
A sleeping car
A sleeping dog
真题难句荟萃
分词
1. Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care.
结构分析:主干:physicians are either driven out of business or to practices
Physicians有前置定语primary care和who引导的定语从句修饰。句末的现在分词短语contributing作状语,表示伴随are driven而来的结果。
译文:不愿降低服务质量的初级护理医生要么被迫停业,要么提供只收现金的服务,这进一步加剧了初级护理服务的下滑。
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