2012英语专业八级阅读理解模拟题(6)
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, asnoted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues morerecently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. Infact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (feedback) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a persons facial expression can influence that persons emotional state.
ConsiderDarwins words: The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the otherhand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions. Can smiling giverise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report morepositive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being morehumorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles,such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that theso-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by crows feet wrinkles around the eyes and asubtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward theeyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekmans observation may be relevant to the British expression keep a stiff upper lip as are commendation for handling stress. It might be that a stiff lip suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
1. The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning to
A curious
B unhappy
C thoughtful
D uncertain
2. The author mentions Baring the teeth in a hostile way in order to
A differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it
B upport Darwins theory of evolution
C provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood
D contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions
3. The word concur in the passage is closest in meaning to
A estimate
B agree
C expect
D understand
4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of
New Guinea?
A They did not want to be shown photographs.
B They were famous for their story-telling skills.
C They knew very little about Western culture.
D They did not encourage the expression of emotions.
5. According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that werenot expressed?
A They would become less intense.
B They would last longer than usual.
C They would cause problems later.
D They would become more negative.
参考答案:
B C B C A
小升初英语教材PEP 单词分类汇总表
小升初考入北大附中 初一学生杨元谈英语学习
09最新小升初英语语法复习要点讲解和练习14个
必读:小升初英语面试,孩子应该如何准备?
轻松克服09小升初英语学习的薄弱环节5招
剑桥少儿英语一级 考试后感想
小升初考入十三中分校周首谈英语学习
小升初英语单词最佳学习方法
小升初最有效的10个英语学习法
小升初英语阅读课堂 名师教学四大注意事项
小升初英语单词 名师教学6个好方法
小升初英语 最后冲刺记忆的20个有效学习法
怎样为孩子选择合适的英语教材 剑桥?新概念?
有什么好方法激励小升初孩子背单词?
小学英语 11类课堂用语集锦
让小升初学生快速记住单词的五步骤
如何让小学年龄段孩子学好英语?
小升初英语常考句型 疑问句型归纳
小升初英语3个趣味的学习法
小升初阶段孩子的英语阅读能力的培养技巧
培训班老师教小升初英语词汇 怎样才叫教的好?
剑桥少儿英语获满盾孩子家长怎样教孩子?
看看小升初英语老师怎么上听力课的
家长如何正确评价一堂小学英语课?
小升初升入中学后 英语写作学习的几个秘招
小升初已接到通知 神秘初中生活精辟描述
提升小升初还自英语学习兴趣的课堂教学
小升初学生英语口语能力提高的几点做法
不费劲就通过三一口语7级的小升初孩子 谭琭玥
09年KETPETFCE剑少下半年考试日期
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |