专四阅读长难句--自测练习9

　　1. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States， but his definition of racial prejudice as racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition， can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.

　　2. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining the Black heritage of folklore， music， and religious expression from one generation to another， a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

　　3. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning， spending， organizing， marrying， taking part in political activities， fighting and so on ， is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences， even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.

　　4. There are several steps that can be taken， of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.

　　5. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types， however， proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences， which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.

　　1、对于针对美国黑人的种族歧视，他的理论相对成立得较好，但是他将种族偏见如此定义：在某一特定区域内的种族竞争中被普遍接受的一个种族所受到的基于种族的负面偏见。可以看作也包含有对象加州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人等少数民族的敌视。

　　2、加特曼确凿地说明黑人家庭的稳定鼓励了黑人文化遗产的传递和维护，这些遗产包括从一代传到另一代的民间传说，音乐，和宗教表述，这些遗产使非洲和美洲的奴隶们特色显著。

　　3、即使社会系统的民间知识中像挣钱，花费，组织，婚嫁，政治活动的参与，以及战斗等等，都与从社会科学中衍生出来更加精细的社会系统描述相差不多，尽管它是建立在一个不太完善的个人经验上的模型。

　　4、有几项措施可以采取，其中主要的是要所有宣布以保护动物利益为目标的组织都明确宣布他们对于人类所受到的暴力袭击表决坚定的立场、

　　5、用其他方式来展示神经类型的细微差别也是可能的，然而，要证明脉冲质量和传导受到这些差别的影响还缺乏证据，看起来这些差别影响的是神经单元的发展形成方式。