22. The following appeared in the editorial section of a newspaper.
As public concern over drug abuse has increased, authorities have become more vigilant in their efforts to prevent illegal drugs from entering the country. Many drug traffickers have consequently switched from marijuana, which is bulky, or heroin, which has a market too small to justify the risk of severe punishment, to cocaine. Thus enforcement efforts have ironically resulted in an observed increase in the illegal use of cocaine.
Discuss how well reasoned... etc.
The conclusion in this argument is that increased vigilance by drug enforcement authorities has resulted in an increase in the illegal use of cocaine. The author reaches this conclusion on the grounds that drug traffickers have responded to increased enforcement efforts by switching from bulkier and riskier drugs to cocaine. Presumably, the authors reasoning is that the increased enforcement efforts inadvertently brought about an increase in the supply of cocaine which, in turn, brought about the observed increase in the illegal use of cocaine. This line of reasoning is problematic in two important respects.
In the first place, the author has engaged in after this, therefore because of this reasoning. The only reason offered for believing that the increased vigilance caused the increase in cocaine use is the fact that the former preceded the latter. No additional evidence linking the two events is offered in the argument, thus leaving open the possibility that the two events are not causally related but merely correlated. This in turn leaves open the possibility that factors other than the one cited are responsible for the increase in cocaine use.
In the second place, the author assumes that an increase in the supply of cocaine is sufficient to bring about an increase in its use. While this is a tempting assumption, it is a problematic one. The presumption required to substantiate this view is that drug users are not particular about which drugs they use, so that if marijuana and heroin are not available, they will switch to whatever drug is available―cocaine in this case. The assumption does not seem reasonable on its face. Marijuana, heroin, and cocaine are not alike in their effects on users; nor are they alike in the manner in which they are ingested or in their addictive properties. The view that drug users choice of drugs is simply a function of supply overlooks these important differences.
In conclusion, the author has failed to establish a causal link between increased enforcement efforts and the observed increase in illegal cocaine use. While the enforcement activities may have been a contributing factor, to show a clear causal connection the author must examine and rule out various other factors.
Unit8 At the weedends说课稿
英语教师的小学英语说课稿
小学二年级英语We like dolls教学设计
seasons ( Part A ) 说课稿
第六单元 doing housework 说课稿
小学英语音标教学视频
人教版小学英语五年级说课稿 Read and write,Let’s play,C Pronunciation
牛津小学英语六年级说课稿 The National Day holiday
Unit 1 How Tall Are You?说课
Unit 6 Holiday说课材料
小学英语教学设计的原理
《 Lesson 15 Are You Ready for a Quiz》说课材料
小学英语课堂教学设计之情景设计
牛津小学英语教材3B Unit 8说课稿
人教版小学英语五年级说课稿 Lesson1
Unit5 Tasting说课
Unit 3 Lesson 16说课稿
广州版小学英语六年级说课稿 Where Is My Ruler
UNIT4 I like… 评课
广州版小学英语六年级说课稿 What’s the matter
小学英语教学 字母发音教学方法
浅谈如何形成小学英语高效课堂
Let’s try 说课稿
Unit 6,Go for it!说课稿
说课稿(Unit 8, Go for it !)
What would you like
小学英语学习兴趣的培养
Unit4 what can you do? 评课稿
一年级英语下册《Chapter9 We like dolls》教学设计
广州版小学英语六年级说课稿 Work with Language
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |