GRE阅读练习每日一篇(三十三)

　　编辑点评： GRE阅读的方法相信大家已经积累了很多了，本文就为大家提供一些GRE阅读的材料，大家来练一练，把平时学到的东西运用到实际中，也多多积累词汇和句子，提高自己的阅读能力。

　　每天做一些标准的GRE阅读练习，有助于大家在GRE考试的复习过程中不断地进行练习和总结。希望大家在进行GRE阅读练习时，充分运用平时所积累的知识，这样才能有效果。

　　Eight percent of the Earth s crust is aluminum, and there are hundreds of aluminum-bearing minerals and vast quantities of the rocks that contain them. The best aluminum ore is bauxite, defined as aggregates of aluminous minerals, more or less impure, in which aluminum is present as hydrated oxides. Bauxite is the richest of all those aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities, and it yields alumina, the intermediate product required for the production of aluminum. Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum. Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals are silicates, and, like all silicate minerals, they are refractory, resistant to analysis, and extremely difficult to process. The aluminum silicates are therefore generally unsuitable alternatives to bauxite because considerably more energy is required to extract alumina from them.

　　17. The author implies that a mineral must either be or readily supply which of the following in order to be classified as an aluminum ore?

　　An aggregate

　　Bauxite

　　Alumina

　　Corundum

　　An aluminum silicate

　　18. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions regarding aluminous minerals EXCEPT:

　　What percentage of the aluminum in the Earth s crust is in the form of bauxite?

　　Are aluminum-bearing nonbauxite minerals plentiful?

　　Do the aluminous minerals found in bauxite contain hydrated oxides?

　　Are aluminous hydrated oxides found in rocks?

　　Do large quantities of bauxite exist?

　　19. The author implies that corundum would be used to produce aluminum if

　　corundum could be found that is not contaminated by silicates

　　the production of alumina could be eliminated as an intermediate step in manufacturing aluminum

　　many large deposits of very high quality corundum were to be discovered

　　new technologies were to make it possible to convert corundum to a silicate

　　manufacturers were to realize that the world s supply of bauxite is not unlimited

　　Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.

　　Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions What happened? and How did it happen? have given way to the question Why did it happen? Prominent among the methods used to answer the question Why is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.

　　Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its facts not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the deepest explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.

　　Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history ; it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.

　　20. Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?

　　The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.

　　Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.

　　Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.

　　The psychological assessment of an individual s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.

　　History is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.

　　21. It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which traditional history can be distinguished from psychohistory is that traditional history usually

　　views past events as complex and having their own individuality

　　relies on a single interpretation of human behavior to explain historical events

　　interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature is transcended

　　turns to psychological explanations in historical contexts to account for events

　　relies strictly on data that are concrete and quantifiable

　　22. It can be inferred from the passage that the methods used by psychohistorians probably prevent them from

　　presenting their material in chronological order

　　producing a one-sided picture of an individual s personality and motivations

　　uncovering alternative explanations that might cause them to question their own conclusions

　　offering a consistent interpretation of the impact of personality on historical events

　　recognizing connections between a government s political actions and the aspirations of government leaders

　　23. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?

　　What are some specific examples of the use of psychohistory in historical interpretation?

　　When were the conventions governing the practice of traditional history first established?

　　When do traditional historians consider psychological explanations of historical developments appropriate?

　　What sort of historical figure is best suited for psychohistorical analysis?

　　What is the basic criterion of historical evidence required by traditional historians?

　　24. The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?

　　The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.

　　Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.

　　Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic schema.

　　Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.

　　Analysis is focused on group behavior rather than on particular events in an individual s life.

　　25. The author of the passage suggests that psychohistorians view history primarily as

　　a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for the most part, unverifiable

　　an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare

　　an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete units

　　a record of the way in which a closed set of immutable psychological laws seems to have shaped events

　　a proof of the existence of intricate causal interrelationships between past and present events

　　26. The author of the passage puts the word deepest in quotation marks most probably in order to

　　signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians claims for their work

　　draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians method

　　emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians method and that of psychohistorians

　　disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians claims from her opinion of their method

　　question the usefulness of psychohistorians insights into traditional historical scholarship

　　27. In presenting her analysis, the author does all of the following EXCEPT:

　　Make general statement without reference to specific examples.

　　Describe some of the criteria employed by traditional historians.

　　Question the adequacy of the psychohistorians interpretation of events.

　　Point out inconsistencies in the psychohistorians application of their methods.

　　Contrast the underlying assumptions of psychohistorians with those of traditional historians.

　　答案：17-27：CACAACECDAD