对于考生来说,GRE阅读最困难的就是长难句的翻译,下面列举了一些长难句的语法难点和应该注意的翻译技巧。考生可以作为参考来复习。
1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased shareholders as a class, an element
本句是典型的非限定性定语从句,难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定,并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an elementlandowners 又带有两个定语从句,一个是representing ,另一个是detached。
可见,定语从句的难点在于经常省略引导词+be的结构,从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。
对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分,代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离,而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。
实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句,一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。像这样分句较长的情况,把主句和分句拆为两句是比较好的方法。所以这里从这个阶层开始另起一句。
2.Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. comfonable classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
Townssprang upclasses who, and who
1)有并列从句。分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构,分句由who,and who两个并列结构组成。注意like并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语,真正的主句谓语是sprang of。retire on指依靠什么而退休。
2)that of drawing dividends 结构中,draw是收取的意思,dividend指红利,that of sth结构是名词性的,that of sth相当于which is结构,目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有attending是省略了which were的定语从句,把of sth结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法,目的是避免行文的单调,考生朋友们要注意分辨。
像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了,大批隐退的享乐阶层人士靠自己的收入,在这里过着悠闲的生活。他们与群体之外的人没有联系,只是分取红利,偶尔参加股东会议,对管理人员发号施令。
同样是为了避开定语从句,将主句和分句拆为两句。要注意几个短语的理解。
retire on依靠退休/haverelationto与有关系/up to 达到的规模
3.Robert Fulton once wrote, The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.
Robert Fulton once wrote, The mechanic should sit down, like a , considering them as, in which a
有省略。1)like分句是省略了who 的主语从句中的分句,considering分句是现在分词引导的状语从句。这个状语从句可以拿到句首,也可以在句尾。一般来说较长的状语从句置于句尾,较短的置于句首,为的是使句子看上去显得简洁一些。
2)like分句中出现了比较多的省略,补全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters。英语中的从句之所以是难点就是因为大量地省略引导词。
罗博特富尔顿曾经写道,机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔、轮子等周围,像诗人对待字母表中的每个字母一样,把它们作为自己的思路展示,每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。
如果严格地翻译,like分句应该译为像对待字母表中字母的诗人一样,原因是这个从句修饰的是机械工,应该用诗人来对应,但这样一来,就不符合汉语的表达习惯了。
4.Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
Some of these causes are reasonable results, Others are consequences of advances
主语是some of these causes,实际的主语就是some,不过谓语是单数还是复数则取决于of后面的成分是单数还是复数。being to是定语从句的分句结构,意为属于。
在这些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求,另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生的某些特定发展的必然结果。
这个翻译比较简单,注意being to的翻译即可。
5.This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
This trend began during , when,that
1)有套和从句。这个句子实际上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修饰和限定作用。在分析长难句时一定要注意找出句子的主干,关键是确定句子的主语和谓语,只有这样才不会被众多的修饰成分所迷惑。
2)When引导的是时间状语从句。第一个that引导的是修饰conclusion的定语从句,第二个that引导的是修饰demands的定语从句,wants前省略了which,是引导的修饰a government的主语从句。
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府下了结论,认为:政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
此句中短语较多。
come to the conclusion形成某种结论/make of提出/in detail详细地
6.This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
This seems done by supporting a certain amount of research notbut
注意notbut句型,意为不是而是
给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研提供支持,看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
严格说来,notbut结构应译为不是而是,但这样就显得罗嗦,所 以译为与无关,但。a amount of指数量达到。be related to指与有关。
7.However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascination and delightful aspects.
However, the world is so made thatsystems are unable to deal with some of the aspects
so made指如此构成,so和后面的that构成sothat结构,意为如此以至于。beable to指可以。
然而,世界就是如此。一般而言,完美的体系无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题。
be so made that意为如构成,不符合汉语表达习惯,所以译为就是如此。
in principle 总的说来/deal with应付
8.New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
New formsas well as new subjectsmust ariseas they have in the past, giving rise to
有并列从句。1)主语较为复杂,为并列结构,分别是new forms和new subjects,中间用as well as连接。
2)as在这里引导了一个介词结构,have的宾语省略了,其内容与本句主语一致。
3)giving rise to分句为非限定性定语从句的从句,省略了which are。
同过去一样,将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完美以新的标准。
as well as 和,以及/give rise to给以机会
9.For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.
For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rightsmeans he can get on with living without
插入成分很多。此句实际上是个简单句,其核心结构为Rights means,只不过添加了诸多限制结构使句子看起来很复杂。For Lolyd Nicks为主句的状语成分,a 54-years oldcancer为Lolyd Nicks的同位语。
对于现年54岁居住在达尔文的的肺癌患者尼克逊来说,这个法案意味着他可以平静地生活下去,而无须终日担心将要来临的折磨:因呼吸困难而在煎熬中死去。
同位语从句在汉语中很少出现,对同位语从句的处理就把它当作定语从句即可。如此句中就将同位语成分作为前置状语成分的主语的修饰成分即可。haunting fear指向看到鬼一样恐惧,表示非常恐惧。
10.Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.
Someone, if, often had nowhere to turn except
有省略现象。traveling不是现在分词,而是引导修饰someone的定语从句。if引导的从句中均省略了主语+be动词的结构,这样显得句子简洁。
独自旅行时,如果没有了食物,受伤了或者生病了,通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。
直译的话,应该说人们没有其他地方,只有可得到帮助,但这样写的话显得冗长而且费解,这里根据句意,译为只能向求助就比较准确了。turn的用法比较灵活,意思很多,这里依据上下文,译为向求助。
11.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
We live in a society in whichsubstances is pervasive
实际是简单句。此句句子虽长,但是结构并不复杂,可以从冒号开始分为两个部分。理解的时候要有意识地把两部分分开,个个击破。in which引导了一个定语从句。该从句的分句谓语动词是is而不是are,是因为在这个从句中主语是use,而不是substances,这一点要注意分辨。
在我们生活的社会里,物质被广泛地运用于社交和医疗:服用阿司匹林来缓解头疼,喝酒来应酬,早晨和咖啡来提神,吸烟镇定情绪等。
该句冒号以后的内容写得很轻巧,很有文学性,我们翻译的时候也不要强求字字照应,而应该也是比较灵活。如quiet不是安静的意思,而是镇静的意思。
12.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Dependence is marked first by, with, and then by
有并列从句和省略。with引导的是伴随结构作状语,修饰的是整个第一分句描述的状态。and引导的分句省略了谓语动词marked ,所以要注意其实该分句并不隶属于第一分句,而是与之并列的结构。
依赖的最初表现为耐受力增强,用量越来越大才能达到预期效果,一旦停用就会产生不舒服的症状。
有些同学遇上伴随结构就不知道如何翻译了,其实只要按照原来的语序顺次翻译就是。
13.But he talked as well about the balanced struggle between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.
But he talked as well about , and he announced that
该句没有从句结构,而是由and连接的两个并列成分构成。用would是因为表达了某人的主观态度和意愿。
但他也谈到了创作自由与社会责任之间要努力保持均衡这一问题。他宣布公司将尽力对可能招致大众反对的音乐制定各种发行和标识的标准
虽然没有从句结构,但是由于句子太长,有众多的修饰成分,所以建议还是拆为两句较好。
14.Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.
Average inflationfell to a mere, close to its, before
有省略。close to分句是非限定性定语从句,省略了which was。Before后面的成分是对全句的补充说明,是状语成分。状语成分可以置句首,也可以置句末,并无定规。之所以用rising,是因为这里需要一个名次性的结构the inflation which was,这样显得简洁得多。
七大工业国家的通货膨胀率去年下降到了2.3%,接近30年来最低水平,今年7月才小幅上涨到2.5%,比许多国家70年代和80年代两位数低了很多。
the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工业国。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是跌落至的意思。
15.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas, have little productive slack.
Economists have beensurprised byand, since,and especially, have
主句用现在完成时have been是因为经济学家长时间以来关注,现在也在关注,是一个从过去持续到现在的动作。Since引导的是表原因的状语从句。
特别让经济学家感到诧异的是,英美两国的通货膨胀带来的是良性的结果,因为传统的分析方法表明,两国尤其是美国的经济生产几乎没有出现滑坡。
favorable表示的是非常好的,不是非常喜欢的,与个人取向没有关系。productive slack是生产滑坡的意思。
16.Actually, it isnt, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is
something the world does not have.
Actually it isn t, because it assumes that, which is
有套合从句。本句为主从复合句。主句很简单,而because引导的原因状语从句中,又有一个that引导的宾语从句。这个从句中,主语an agreed account of human rights由一个which引导的飞行定性定语从句修饰,而这个非限定性定语从句中又有一个限定性定语从句the world does not have来修饰something。
事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。
agree为约定的意思,agreed account直译为约定的看法,意译为共同的认识。可见翻译中一定要结合汉语的语言习惯灵活转换。an agreed account of human rights不可译为有同意的人权记录。此外,将不定代词具体化,也更符合汉语习惯。
17.Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
Some philosophers argue that, as part of an exchange of
该句仍为主从复合句。that引导的宾语从句中,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充当了补充语的角色。
有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在社会契约中,是责任与利益相交换的一部分。
要正确选择contract的词义,不要译成从此收缩,缩小。argue不要译成争论,而要灵活处理成论证说。
18.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
It leads the discussion: it invites you to think that, or with
有并列从句和省略。冒号把句子分成两部分,后一部分对前面部分作进一步解释说明。前面部分是简单句。后面部分是复合句。that引导的宾语从句中,主语是animals,谓语是should be treated,either or引导两个介词短语作状语,either引导的介词短语中,humans extend to other humans是一个省略引导词that的定语从句。
这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。
it 的所指要明确。leads the discussion to extremes译成将讨论引向两个极端,at the outset译成从一开始。注意把被动句译为主动句,更合乎汉语习惯。
19.Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
Arguing from the view that humans are, extremists of this
有套和从句。逗号前面是一个现在分词短语,作状语,里面又有一个that从句作the view的同位语,逗号后面的that从句是一个宾语从句。
这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
in every relevant respect译成各相关方面,不要把respect 译成尊重extremists为极端主义者;let outside the area of moral choice译成不在道德范围内,不关乎道德。
20.When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is .instinct, an instinct that should be
以冒号为界,将全句分成两个复合句。前面的复合句里,时间状语从句when that happens叙述的是前一句to see的情形的出现。That修饰这种行为,主句表明这种行为并不错。冒号后面的复合句解释为什么。这里有一个that从句,作instinct的定语。
这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。
将that,it等代词具体化,使译文表达明确;reasoning不能译成原因,而应译为推理,推论in action不能译成在行动中,而译成在起作用,action在此是作用,性能的意思;翻译被动语态时,使用得到,遭到等,使译文流畅自然
21.The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
The Aswan Dam, stopped the Nile floodingbut
有插入语。for example是个插入结构,不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam。注意sothat结构,是如此以至于的意思。
以阿斯旺大坝为例,它挡住了尼罗河的洪水,但也使埃及失去了洪水冲积的肥沃土壤,换回来的却是一个病态的大水库。现在水库积满泥沙,几乎不能用于发电了。
the Nile是尼罗河。All in return意思是换回来的全部则是。
22.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
The trouble is thatis due to , and so is not
有套和从句。the trouble is that是表语从句结构。后一个that引导的是修饰rebound的定语从句。
问题在于,近期的增长一定程度上是因为商业运作周期涨落的结果,因此还不能得出经济已经呈现复苏态势这一结论。
part of the recent acceleration不可译为一部分的最近的加速,而是最近加速部分是由于。business cycle是指商业周期。
23.New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
New ways of workplaceare only one contribution to, which is, and
有插入语。两个破折号中间的成分为插入结构,可以视为括号里面的内容。Such as后面的内容是对many other factors的列举。在阅读的时候基本可以跳过不看,除非后面有细节题考查这里的内容。
组织工作场所的新方法包括机构重组和缩小规模只是促进某个经济实体的综合生产率提高的一项措施,还有其他许多因素促进生产率的提高,比如对机械设备的联合投资、采用新技术、对教育培训投资等。
all that译为这一切包括。overall productivity译为综合生产力水平。Joint investment译为联合投资。Drive译为驱动。
24.His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.
His colleague,, says that ,chopping out costs without giving
有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient 分句是非限定性定语从句。修饰的是前一分句的整体意思。without后面要跟现在分词giving。
他的同时迈克尔比尔说,为数众多的公司以简单机械的方式进行机构重组,降低了成本,但却未能充分考虑长期赢利。
far too many译为太多的。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion应译为以简单机械的方式。chop out译为削减。
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