解题步骤
解答态度题可以分为三个步骤:初读文章做标记、看清题干定问题、排除错项得分易。
1. 初读文章做标记
鉴于GRE阅读的特殊性,在做题之前是要略读全文的。在浏览的过程中,要做相应的标记,以便在做题时能以最快的速度回原文定位。具体到解态度题需要做的标记,就是态度词。基本可以分为正态度和负态度两类,因此需要考生在复习的过程中,注意积累不同的态度词,以便在略读时准确做好标记。
2. 看清题干定问题
这一步骤要求考生要在读题时确定,是谁对谁的态度。比如文章介绍的是一本名著,作者在文中对此书表达了肯定的态度,考生在初读原文时也对相应的态度词做了明显的标记。但题干问的是某某作家对此书的态度,在时间紧迫的情况下,如果不读题干,只看到题目问的是对此书的态度,那么就很容易在已经读懂了文章的情况下失了此题的分。
3. 排除错项得分易
已经略读原文、确定了题目问的是谁对谁的态度,做态度题的最后一步就是排除错误选项了。考生可以参照以下几点,以最快的速度将错误项排除,最终找到正确答案:
a. 如果作者在原文中是正/负态度,则选项中凡是贬/褒义词即可立即排除;
b. 如果作者在文章中对某事物呈复杂态度,比如先表扬,结尾处又让步,说这个东西还有其不足之处等等,则态度题中一定会体现出来,通常以限定性的修饰或者but的表达方式,例如:qualified admitted, accurate but incomplete;
c. 如果作者在文中呈客观态度,即文章属于科学论述文,作者对待科学也呈严谨、客观的态度,即便有褒扬和批评之分,也不太可能无节制地褒扬、无限度地批判,更不可能进行恶意的攻击、嘲讽、辱骂等。所以这类词汇不太可能成为态度题的争取选项;
d. 还有一类态度是作者不太可能持有的。就是听之任之、冷漠的态度,因为作者既然选了某个观点、某种科学现象来阐述,本身就说明了其关注的态度是积极地寻求解决、改进问题的方法,故不会漠然处之。所以遇到这类词汇,读者也可以先排除。
排除了错误选项,剩余的就是对词汇的具体词义考察了。因此,在掌握了以上技巧后,还是要打好基本功,扎实背单词。
例题讲解
根据以上技巧,我们以例题来检验一下:
Tocqueville, apparently, was wrong. Jacksonian America was not a fluid, egalitarian society where individual wealth and poverty were ephemeral conditions. At least so argues E. Pessen in his iconoclastic study of the very rich in the United States between 1825 and 1850.
Pessen does present a quantity of examples,together with some refreshingly intelligible statistics, to establish the existence of an inordinately wealthy class. Though active in commerce or the professions, most of the wealthy were not self-made, but had inherited family fortunes. In no sense mercurial, these great fortunes survived the financial panics that destroyed lesser ones. Indeed, in several cities the wealthiest one percent constantly increased its share until by 1850 it owned half of the communitys wealth. Although these observations are true, Pessen overestimates their importance by concluding from them that the undoubted progress toward inequality in the late eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonian period and that the United States was a class-ridden, plutocratic society even before industrialization.
The authors attitude toward Pessens presentation of statistics can be best described as
disapproving
shocked
suspicious
amused
laudatory
初读原文时,红色字体是我们要标注的内容。值得注意的是,不能在看到Pessen时就选择了负态度,题干问的是作者对于Pessens presentation of statistics的态度,而不是对Pessen本人。因此,在做态度题时,一定看清题目问题,是谁对谁的态度。现在看原文中的态度句:
Tocqueville, apparently, was wrong.
At least so argues E. Pessen in his iconoclastic study of the very rich in the United States between 1825 and 1850.
Pessen does present a quantity of examples, together with some refreshingly intelligible statistics, to establish the existence of an inordinately wealthy class.
直接在原文定位,即可得知作者的态度是E。需要注意的是对谁的态度。如果题目问的是作者对Pessen的observation的态度呢?
参考译文:
显然,托克维尔错了。杰克逊执政时期的美国并不是一人流动易变的和平均主义的社会,个人的富有和贫困于其中仅是些转瞬即逝的状况。至少,伊佩森在其对1825至1850年间的美国巨富进行的那项反传统的研究中是这么论述的。
佩森确实列举出大量的实例,连同某些令人耳目一新的、明晰易懂的数据,从而确定了某个极度富有阶层的存在。尽管绝大多数富豪活跃于商业或各项职业,但他们并非是白手起家,而是继承了家庭财富。这些大笔的财富由于绝未被置于活跃的流通之中,故得以经受住金融恐慌的打击而幸存下来,而较小规模的资本却被悉数摧垮。事实上,在几个城市中,最富有的百分之一的人持续不断地增加其财富份额,直至。1850年,这部分人拥了社会中一半的财富。尽管这些观察确凿无误,但佩森过高估计了它们的重要性,因为他从中得出以下两个结论:其一是十八世纪后期不容置疑的贫富分化在杰克逊时代仍在继续;其二是美国早在工业化之前已是一个充斥着阶级分化的、由富豪统治的社会。
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