3.1 There be句型
作文中,描述常常使用there be句型。there be句型的结构为:There be +名词+地点,表达某地方有某物。这个句型有不足之处:be动词过于单调,名词前缺修饰。因此,there be句型有两个巧变策略,第一,灵活使用谓语动词替换be动词;第二,使用不同的量词组合修饰名词。
第一,谓语动词替换be动词。例如:
(1)There stands+(量词)名+(形容词)地点
(2)There exists+(量词)名词+(形容词)地点
(3)There lies +(量词)名词+(形容词)地点
(4)There sits+(量词)名词+(形容词)地点
(5)There vividly describes+(量词)名+(形容词)地点
例如,2000年真题A Brief History of World Commercial Fishing,描写两幅图的特点:海里有很多鱼海里有很多船,采用基本there be句型,如下:
a.There were a lot of fishes in the sea.
b.There were a lot of boats in the sea.
如果灵活使用中间的动词,并会写高级量词就不一样,可改写为:
a.In 1900, there existed a variety of fishes in the sea.
b.In 1900, there existed various kinds of boats in the sea.
there be的巧变句型应用到更多真题的描述中,使单调的there be句型变得生动起来。
There stands a charming American girl in the picture above.(2002年真题)
There stands a pot of fresh flower in a warm and comfortable room. (2003年真题)
There stand two soccer players in a football field. (2007年真题)
There sit a large number of youngsters at their computers.(2009年真题)
There lie a variety of foods in a large hot pot. (2010年真题)
第二,当涉及名词数量时,常见的表达有a lot of, many, much, more and more,其实表述数量的写法有很多,a large number of(很多),a growing number of(越来越多),a variety of(各式各样),various kinds of(各式各样),同样的意思,可使用多种表达方式。如表所示:
我们如果进行写作对比,就能看到使用巧变句型与不用之间的差异,例如:
It is vividly illustrated in the upper cartoon that a lot of fishes were swimming freely in the sea, while only one fishing boat was catching them in 1900. On the contrary, many boats were fishing the only one fish in 1995.(2000年商业捕鱼真题)
在上述句子中,a lot of和many使这句话平实许多。下面利用there be句型,量词组合,再用sothat句型,就可润色修改为:
It is vividly illustrated in the upper cartoon,in 1900, there existed a large number of fishes in the vast ocean while only one fishing boat was catching them. In 1995, on the contrary, there lied a growing number of fishing boats, and the number of fishes decreased so sharply that only one of them left.
参考译文:以上图片生动描绘了,1900年,海洋中有大量的鱼类,只有一艘捕鱼船。相反,到1995年,出现了越来越多的捕鱼船,鱼的数量急剧下降,只剩一条鱼。
3.2 例举句型
近10年真题中,人物的数量出现了以下情况:单人单物体描述5次(1998年、2001年、2002年、2004年、2010年),双人描述4次(2006年、2007年、2008年、2012年),多人多物出现过3次(2005年、2009年、2011年)。描写中多于一个以上的人或物时,一些看似不起眼的例举句型,只要学会巧用,作文就有亮光。常见的例举句型有:
(1)either+名词 or+名词+动词(或者或者)
(2)Neither of +名词(你也不我也不)
(3)None of them+动词(三者以上都不)
(4)Some+动词,while others+动词,some few doing(一些, 另一些,还有几个)
(5)one+动词,while the other+动词(一个而另一个)
描述多人时可以用Some,while others,some few (一些, 另一些,还有几个)结构,解决常见主语people, some people, we, someone的泛滥问题。例如:
There stands three sons and a daughter in the picture above. Some of them are surrounding their father, while others kick him back and forth like a football, because none of them is willing to take care of him. (2005年足球赛真题)
参考译文:三个儿子和一个女儿围着他们可怜的父亲,把他像足球一样踢来踢去,因为谁也不想照顾自己的父亲。
Some are playing computer games, while others are chatting on line, some few searching for information.(2009年网络的近与远真题)
参考译文:中的年轻人有的在打电脑游戏,有的在网上聊天,还有的在搜集信息。
如果出现两人或两幅时,可以用例举的句型both of them, neither of them, one, while the other等,安排两个并列的主语。例如:
One of them paints on his face the name of a football star, while the other pays as much as 300 RMB for Beckhams hairstyle. (2006年追星真题)
参考译文:一个年轻人把足球明星的名字写在脸上,而另一个年轻人为了贝克汉姆的发型就花了300块钱。
But neither of them is afraid of difficulty. Both of them are walking forward, shoulder to shoulder.(2008年合作真题)
参考译文:两个年轻人都不怕困难,他们肩并肩向前走。
3.3 巧用not only, but also 句型
句型not only,but also.后面常加一个名词或者一个形容词,的确有些大材小用,经过变形,not only,but also可以有以下三种巧用方法:
第一,控制主语,将not only 放在句首,使句子倒装:Not only will sb./sth. +动词,but sb./sth. will also+动词。
第二,控制宾语:主语+谓语+not only+名词1,but also+名词2。
第三,连接多个宾语,结合suchas句型。主语+谓语+not only+名词1,but also+名词2 and such benefits (problems)as+名词3。
例如:
Not only will they waste much time that should have been spent on their study and work, but their everyday life will probably go upside down, with their food uneaten, sleep lost or homework undone.(2006年追星真题)
参考译文:他们浪费了很多本来应该花在工作和学习上的时间,正常生活颠倒,不吃饭、不睡觉、不做作业。
In order to gain confidence and achieve success, we not only need to attain a thorough understanding of our own merits and disadvantages of ourselves, but also those aspects of our opponents. (2007年自信真题)
为了获得信心和成功,我们不仅需要彻底了解自己的优缺点,还要了解我们的对立面。
Love can bring people not only material support, but also mental comfort and such benefits as spiritual back-up.(2001年爱心真题)
参考译文:爱心可以给人带来物质支持、情感抚慰和精神支柱。
总之,考研英语语言方面需要平时多积累,多读多背历年的经典范文,摘抄其中的精彩词汇、词组、句型、精辟观点,并加以模仿,为己所用;从词法和句法两个角度,同样的意思不同的表达方式,会产生不同的效果。
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