2015年职称英语考试常用语法详解之状语

　　状语

　　非谓语动词做状语是这一讲的重点，也是考试的重点。大家还记得句子的连接一讲中说过的逗号不能连接两个句子这句话和所举的例子吗?

　　错：He is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.

　　对：Because he is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.

　　对：Being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.

　　如果：His child is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening. 该怎么改呢?

　　道理是一样的：

　　His child being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.

　　也就是说，非谓语动词也要有行为的主体，称为主格;如果非谓语动词的行为的主体与句子的主语不一致，要保留其行为主体，这种结构称为独立主格结构.

　　那么，什么情况用to do 、-ing 或 -ed 呢?注意以下两点：

　　要符合下表的基本要求。

　　1) 与句子间有，隔开;

　　2) 一定解释为为了

　　3) 如果没有，，可能是句子的主语，不要混淆

　　1) 与句子间一般有，隔开;

　　2) 如果没有，，可能是动名词当句子的主语，不要混淆

　　显然，to do做状语形式和意义比较单一，难点是如何区分-ing 和-ed 形式。

　　下面每个例子说明一条规则，注意理解和记忆：

　　1) When she heard the noise, she went out to see what was happening.

　　Hearing the noise, she went out to see what was happening.

　　规则：当句子的主语与 动词构成主动语态时，只要将实义动词恢复原形 ，后面加ing即可

　　2) When the substance is heated to over 200℃, it will give off a poisonous gas.

　　Heated to 200 over 200℃, it will give off a poisonous gas.

　　规则：当句子的主语与 动词构成被动语态时，去掉be动词，只保留动词的-ed形式即可

　　3) As he did not want to hurt her feelings, he did not tell the truth at the moment.

　　Not wanting to hurt her feelings, he did not tell the truth at the moment

　　规则：非谓语动词的否定式是在非谓语动词前面加not构成;其他变化按照例1)或例2)规定

　　4) As she has lived in China for over 20 years, she can speak Chinese fluently.

　　Having lived in China for over 20 years, she can speak Chinese fluently.

　　As they had not finished the lessons, the students had to give up going to see the play.

　　Not having finished the lessons, the students had to give up going to see the play.

　　规则：当句子中出现1)for + 时间状语，或2)当一个行为必须在另一个行为结束后才能开始的情况下，应该用完成式，否定词 not 要放在having的前面，即Not having

　　提示：当你在考试时分不清是否要用完成式时，应倾向于选择有完成式的选项。

　　5) If weather permits, well go out for a picnic tomorrow.

　　Weather permitting, well go out for a picnic tomorrow.

　　When all necessary data had been collected, they began the experiment.

　　All necessary data having been collected, they began the experiment.

　　提示选题)

　　规则：当句子的主语与非谓语动词的主格不一致时，应使用独立主格形式，其他变化按上述各项规定处理

　　后置：

　　要特别注意以下结构：

　　1) (in order) to / so as (such) to(目的)

　　2) (,) only to / so (such) as to(结果)

　　3) enough / tooto(程度)

　　4) 如： to tell you the truth,(独立成分)

　　分词做后置状语的多数为-ing形式，很少是-ed

　　1. 所谓前置和后置是相对的，这里这样区分一是为了便于理解，二是根据职称考试中出题的习惯，便于判题;

　　2. 关于功能，这里只是讲了考试中较多出现的形式和结构，对于诸如如何区分目的和结果等内容，因与解题关系不大，这里就不作具体说明了。