第一期 不规则名词的复数形式
1)以-o结尾的名词多数加-es构成复数。
Eg: cargo cargoes(货物)
但某些外来词,虽以-o结尾,但只加-s.
Eg: auto autos(汽车)
以-oo或无音字母加-o结尾的词也只加-s.
2)以-f或-fe结尾的名词,多数变f为v再加-es.
Eg: half halves
但有些只加-s:belief beliefs
3)常见的沿用古英语复数形式(即单词的发生变化)的名词有:
child children foot feet goose geese man men mouse mice ox oxen tooth teeth woman c women4)部分源于拉丁、希腊语的名词也有特殊的复数形式:
analysis analyses(分析)
appendix appendices(附录)
axis axes(轴心)
basis bases(基础)
5)有些名词单、复数同形,常见有:
aircraft(飞机) jin(斤) barracks(营房) li(里) buffalo(水牛) peacock(孔雀) Chinese(中国人) series(系列) crossroads(十字路口) sheep(绵羊) deer(鹿) shark(鲨鱼) fish(鱼) species(物种) fruit(水果) swine(猪) giraffe(长颈鹿) Swiss(瑞士人) headquarters(司令部) works(工厂) Horsepower(马力) yuan(元) Means(手段)[注]fish和fruit用作复数时,表示种类,例如:
I caught a fish. 我逮了一条鱼。
Larger fish devoured(吞食)the smaller ones. 大鱼吞食了小鱼。
There are various fishes in the aquarium. 水族馆里有各种各样的鱼。
6)部分集合词既可用作单数(作为整体),也可用作复数(作为成员):
audience(听众) army(军队) band(帮,伙) class(班级) committee(委员会) couple(对,双) crew(船员) crowd(人群) faculty(教职员) family(家) group(小组) government(政府) jury(陪审团) public地(公众) Team(小队) union(协会)[注]但是另外一些集合名词如:cattle, mankind, militia, personnel, police, people, staff, youth等则总是用作复数。其中,people用单、复数开式时表示民族。例如:
The Chinese are a hare-working people.
中国人是一个勤劳的民族。
Ireland was inhabited by two peoples.
过去在爱尔兰居住着两个民族。
当要表示上面这些词的个体意义时,我们须用与之相应的其他词,如:a cow, a person, a policeman, a young man等。
7)合成名词的复数形式,一般都加在主体词上。例如:
brother-in-law brothers-in-law(内弟)
如无主体词,则将复数形式加在最后。例如:
Go-between go-betweens(中间人)
有个别合成名词,其复数形式要求构成部分都作相应的变化。例如:
A woman doctor women doctors(女医生)
8)有些名词通常只用其复数形式。常见的有下面两种情况:
(1)表示成双成对的东西的:glasses, trousers, shorts, tongs
(2)表示较多数量的:ashes, outskirts, wages, dregs
9)部分学科名词,虽以-s结尾,但用作单数。常见的有:
Acoustics, economies, electronics, ethics, mathematics, physics, politics, statistics, mechanics
10)有些名词在习惯用语中常以复数形式出现。例如:
Jim is friends with Tom. 吉姆与汤姆友好。
Do you want to change places with me? 你要和我调位置
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