和现在分词及短语一样,过去分词(past participles)或过去分词短语(past participial phrases)也可以充当副词,修饰谓语动词。
过去分词短语可以表达下列四种意思:
㈠方法或活动方式,如:
● He walked up and down, lost in thought.
● I sat before the desk until after mid-night, absorbed in writing.
● Surrounded by a host of fans, the film star left the airport excitedly.
㈡原因,如:
● Greatly disappointed, some staff decided to leave the place.
● Taken by surprise, the enemy surrendered.
㈢时间,如:
● Born and bred in a turbulent age, the older generation of people experienced all sorts of hardships.
● Thrown to the floor, the boy regained his footing a few minutes later.
㈣条件,如:
● Given more time, the slow learners would have done better.
● Criticised by someone else, Tony would not have flared up like that.
除了直接修饰动词之外,过去分词或短语也可以和连词合组成短语,表示下列四种意思:
⒈由 when, whenever, while, until 等连词引导,表示 时间,如:
● When asked about his previous job, Bill said he had been a motor mechanic.
● Susan seldom speaks in class until spoken to.
⒉由 where, wherever 连词引导,表示地点,如:
● Mosquitoes should be completely exterminated where found.
● Retirees in good health should be invited to return to work wherever needed.
⒊由 if, unless 引导,表示条件,如:
● If kept for too long, some medicines will lose their effectiveness.
● We have made a point of not attacking unless attacked.
⒋由 though, although, even though 连词引导,表示让步 ,如:
● Though warned of the danger, they still went mountaineering.
● Even though defeated for a second time, our team did not give up hope for the ultimate victory.
此外,过去分词短语还可以和介词with或without连用,具副词作用。如:
● With the water pipe choked, there wasnt any more water for use.
● Without anything left in the kitchen, the Wangs decided to eat out.
最后,过去分词短语,在适当情况下,可以有自己的主语而变成独立结构(the absolute construction),如:
● The old man listened, his head inclined to one side.
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