怎样写好英语段落(一)
段落是文章缩影。写好了段落,就能比较成功地写出较好文章。经过中学英语基础阶段学习之后,大学英语写作重点就从选词造句转移到了联句成段和联段成篇上。进行段落层次上写作训练,是写好英语文章关键一环。下面介绍是段落结构。
段落(paragraph)是由表达单一中心思想(controlling idea or central idea)一组句子(包括主题句 topic sentence,推展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence)构成,是文章结构基本独立单位。本讲我们将就主题句和中心思想这两个方面展开讨论。
主题句与推展句
1、主题句
主题句(topic sentence)是表达段落主题句子。它用以概括段落大意,要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例:
My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents;they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children;they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue with spouses;they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers;they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules,in fact,can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.
主题句中提出certain rules是指什么?展开句中通过四个Dont argue 逐一加以交代。从结构来看,这是一个比较典型段落,它包括了主题句,推展句和结论句(即本段中末句)。
1.1、主题句位置
主题句通常放在段落开端,其特点是开门见山地摆出问题,然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章结构更清晰,更具说服力,便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下作用,或放在段尾起概括全段作用。但初学者比较难于掌握,因而在四级考试中,考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头写作手法。
例1:Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages,on farms and in factories,machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy,and energy is needed for heating,lighting,communications,carrying goods everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.
这段文字所讲主要是能源问题。第一句就概括性地提出我们目前生活很大程度上依赖于能源。而随后出现三句都是具体事例,对第一句进行说明和论述。我们可以断定第一句为该段主题句。
例2:(主题句)No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.(推展句1)Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste,we are no longer free to choose the things we want,for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.(推展句2)In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product,advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness.
以上这段由三句话组成。第一句是主题句,直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题,接着列举两个推展句对其补充和支持,指出我们已无法自由选择所需商品,理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们心理,并完全掌握了我们弱点。句子衔接自然,步步紧扣主题。
1.2、 如何写好主题句中关键词
段落主题句对主题限定主要是通过句中关键词来表现。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对具体要求包括两个方面:一是要具体到能控制和限制段落发展;二是要具体到能说明段落发展方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句重要前提之一。在上面例1,例2中,主题句关键词分别为:depends very much on energy;no one can avoid being influenced. 我们再看下列例句:
原句1:He can fix a bicycle himself.斜体部分应为主题句中关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展部分内容,并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开,是用因果关系法还是用分类法?
修正:He can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps.
修正:There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself.
原句2:She tries to improve her looks.斜体部分应为主题句中关键词。她试着改变她面容理由是什么?或者她采取什么方法来改善呢?我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。
修正:She tries many ways to improve her looks.
修正:There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks.
1.3 、如何写好主题句中心思想
主题句由两部分组成,即主题(topic)和中心思想(controlling idea)。中心思想作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。我们前面谈到关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落发展脉络,所谓制约就是限制主题覆盖范围,两者不可分割。没有导向,内容就会离题或偏题;没有制约,内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳范围。对于初学写作人来说,导向重要性容易理解,但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句,就可能忽视制约这一面。例如:
There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it,just as you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.
本段主题句如果没有in which 引出定语从句,那么two ways 不仅不能起制约作用,而且也不能起导向作用,句子本身读起来也就使人觉得欠缺点什么。
Exercise is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the time at moderate speeds,their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape.
Exercise is beneficial这是毫无疑义。但主题句中如不加上to your heart来加以 control 和 limit,那就流于空泛。因此,紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea导向和制约作用,是短文写作成功关键之一。[1][2][3][4]
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