高中英语语法-写好英语段落的三个标准之二

　　写好英语段落的三个标准之二

　　o parts： a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away， we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass， unlike the tube that it was sitting on， which only had four. Inside， the tube was gloomy， because of the lack of light. Then a steep， narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.

　　　　本段的写法是由远及近，从远处（from a distance）写起，然后get closer，再到（ten feet away），最后是inside the pagoda当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。

　　　　C. 按逻辑关系排列（logical arrangement）

　　　　a. 按重要性顺序排列（arrangement in order of importance）

　　　　If you work as a soda jerker， you will， of course， not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine， your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom， your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work， the larger the organization of which you are an employee， the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization， whether it is the government， the large corporation， or the Army， this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.

　　　　这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从not need much skill或of little importance到more important，最后是most important。

　　　　b.由一般到特殊排列（general-to-specific arrangement）

　　　　If a reader is lost， it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader， hacking his way through the verbiage， simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses， or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence， so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A the writer， in whose head the connection is clear， has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that sanguine and sanguinary mean the same thing， but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.

　　　　这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness，先给出一个general statement作为主题句，然后通过5个 ＂perhaps＂加以例证。

　　　　c. 由特殊到一般排列（specific-to-general arrangement）

　　　　I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat， Prissy， with the one I had several years ago， Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy， a quiet， feminine feline， loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people， exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg， lick， or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright， eyes closed， perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry， on the other hand， loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything， whether it was decorous or not， and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable， on the top of the television， across stranger's feet or laps， in beds， drawers， sacks， closets， or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.

　　　　本段的主题句是段首句，它仅提出一个问题：为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较，末句才下结论。

　　　　2）、形连

　　　　行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语：

　　　　Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First， though， he had to get through high school， so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies in particular， biology， chemistry， and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects， Walter became proficient in them； however， Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result， during his junior year of high school， Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently， he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally， on June 6， Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.

　　　　本文中起承上启下的词语有两种，一种是转换词语（transitional words or phrases），另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段（linking devices）。前者依次有：first， though， so， in particular， and， because， however， besides， as a result， bothand， consequently， and， finally.后者依次是：he， he， his， his， he， these， them， he， those， his， he， these， his. 本段中共有词汇105个，所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词，约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见，掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流（smoothnes