条件状语面面观之一
条件状语大致有以下几种表示法:
1. 用从属连词引导状语从句,表示条件。
( 1 ) if 意为如果,是最普通的从属连词之一,表示条件。 if 引导的从句中可以用陈述语气,也可以用虚拟语气。例如:
If you are tired,we will go straight home.
如果你累了,咱们就立刻回家吧。
If winter comes,can spring be far behind?
(如果)冬天来了,春天还会远吗?
If Columbus had not discovered America,somebody else would have discovered it.
如果哥伦布没有发现美洲,别人也会发现的。
If the sea were to rise 500 feet,India would become an island.
如果海洋水面上升 500 英尺,印度就将变为一个孤岛了。
If it should rain tomorrow,the crops would be saved.
如果明天下雨,庄稼就得救了。
( 2 )从属连词 unless 意为如果不,除非,含否定意义,相当于 if not .例如:
We are leaving now unless you want us to wait for you.
如果你不要我们等你,那我们现在就走。
As we know now, heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed unless air holds them back.
现在我们都知道,如果没有空气的阻力,重的物体和轻的物体垂直下落的速度是一样的。
( 3 )从属连词 once 意为一旦,强调的是条件。 once 引导的从句可以位于句首,也可以位于句末。例如:
Once the masses have a common aim, they will work with one heart.
一旦群众有了共同的目标,他们就会齐心工作。
Once you show any sign of fear, he will attack you.
你一旦露出任何恐惧的迹象,他就会攻击你。
China will shake the world once it awakens.
中国一旦觉醒,它就会振撼整个世界。
( 4 ) so long as 和 as long as 是复合连词,作只要解,引导条件状语从句,强调主句所述的情况和从句所述的情况同时并存。在表示条件时,前者比后者更常用。例如:
We shall overcome the difficulties so long as we follow the Partys correct policy.
只要我们执行党的正确政策,我们就能克服困难。
Rice will grow well so long as it is given enough sunlight and a good supply of water and fertilizer.
只要能得到充足的阳光、水和肥料,水稻就能长得很好。
Under the leadership of the Communist Party, as long as there are people, every kind of miracle can be performed.
在共产党的领导下,只要有了人,什么人间奇迹都可以创造出来。
As long as we have a strong determination to serve the people heart and soul, everywhere we see occasions for doing so.
只要有一颗全心全意为人民服务的心,到处都有为人民服务的机会。
( 5 ) suppose, supposing 或 lets suppose 都相当于一个从属连词,表示一种设想的情况,意为假如。由它们引导的状语从句多与疑问形式的主句搭配。例如:
Suppose he is absent, what shall we do?
假如他不在,我们怎么办?
Supposing the plane does not arrive on time, what shall I do?
假如飞机不能准时到达,我该怎么办呢?
Lets suppose that we had not helped him, what would have happened?
假如我们没有帮助他,会发生什么情况呢?
( 6 ) on condition that 是复合连词,意为条件是,暗含某种特定的条件意义。例如:
She will join us on condition that you also be there.
她和我们一起去,条件是你也将在场。
He said that he would come to the meeting on condition that no one asked him to speak.
他说他将出席这个会议,条件是不要让他发言。
( 7 ) in case 相当于从属连词,意为如果,假如,免得,以防(万一),引导条件状语从句。例如:
In case it pours, do not expect me.
如果大雨倾盆,就不要指望我来了。
In case he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait.
如果在我回来以前他来到,请他等我一下。
Send me a message, in case you have any difficulty.
万一有什么困难,请给我捎个信来。
( 8 ) if only 意为但愿,要是就好了,引导条件状语从句。这样的条件通常是虚拟的,用来表示说话人对某事物寄予的强烈愿望。这样的从句通常没有相应的主句与之搭配。例如:
If only he were alive! 要是他活着该多好呀!
If only Tome knew about it!
但愿汤姆知道那件事!
If only I had arrived on time!
我那时要是能按时到达就好了!
2. 介词短语或复合介词短语通常也可以作状语,表示可能实现的条件。
可以这样用的介词或复合介词通常有:with , without , in case of , in the event of , but for 等。这时句子的谓语动词中通常含有 can , will , could , would 等情态动词。例如:
With such knowledge and experience, he is sure to succeed.
有了这样的知识和经验,他一定会成功。
With nothing taken home, the man hesitated to explain the matter to his wife.
如果没有东西带回家,对妻子是不是解释这件事,那个人拿不定主意。
Without water, nothing could live.
没有水,什么也活不了。
Without the leadership of the Communist Party of China, there would be no new China.
没有中国共产党,就没有新中国。
In case of my absence, who will take my place?
万一我不能来,谁来顶替我呢?
In case of any difficulty, you must consult with the masses.
如果碰到困难,你应当和群众商量。
In the event of her going to Shanghai, her children will be put under my care.
假如她到上海去,她的孩子将交给我照看。
But for his uncles help, Jack would not have finished his college education in time.
要没有他叔叔的帮助,杰克是不会及时完成大学学业的。
3. 用分词结构作状语,表示可能实现的条件。例如:
Combining two atoms of hydrogen with one of oxygen, you will get a molecule of water.
如果两个氢原子与一个氧原子结合,就可以得到一个水分子。
Given (= If we were given ) more time, we could do it better.
如果多给我们一些时间,我们就能把这件事做得更好。
Given the lengths of the two sides of a right-angled triangle, we can find out the length of a third side.
要是知道直角三角形两个边的长度,我们就能求出第三边的长度。
Compared with China, the United States is a young country.
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