一、主将从现原则
当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时,时间和条件的状语从句必须用一般现在时表将来:
Ill write to her when I have time. 我有空会给她写信。
Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。
If we hurry, we may catch the bus. 如果赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车。
Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。
【注】① 除表示时间和条件的状语从句外,表示让步、相似、比例的从句也必须用一般现在时表将来:
Ill follow him wherever he goes. 他去哪儿,我就跟着去哪儿。
Whatever you say, I wont pay. 无论你说什么,我都不会付钱。
Whether we help him or not, he will fail. 无论我们帮他与否,他都会失败。
Ill have a good time whether I win or lose. 赢也好,输也好,我都将会玩好。
The more you eat, the fatter you will become. 你吃得越多就会越胖。
② 另外,当主句为用将来时态时,定语从句也通常用一般现在时表将来:
Ill give you anything you ask for. 你要什么我都给你。
You can have anything I find. 我找到的任何东西你都可以拿去。
Everyone who comes first will get a present. 每个先来的人都可得到一份礼物。
二、简化原则
按照英语习惯,一个句子中若主要动词已经表明了所谈论动作的时间,那么与之相关的其他动词就不必再次指明同一时间,而往往使用一个比较简单的时态,如用一般现在时表示一般将来时等。比较:
This discovery means that we will spend less on food.这一发现意味着我们将减少在食品上的花费。
This discovery will mean that we spend less on food. 这一发现意味着我们将减少在食品上的花费。
三、几种值得注意的情况
在make sure(弄清楚),make certain(弄清楚),take care(注意,当心),be careful(注意,当心),mind(注意),watch(注意)等后的that从句中通常也只用一般现在时表将来意义:
Take care that it does not occur again. 注意别再发生这样的事。
We must take care that no one sees us. 我们必须注意别让人看见我们。
Make sure you come back soon. 你要保证快点回来。
Be careful that you dont hurt her feelings. 当心别伤了她的感情。
Watch that the baby doesnt go near the heater. 注意别让宝宝接近加热器。
Mind you read the examination questions carefully before you begin to answer them. 在答题前要注意仔细阅读考题。
【注】在it doesnt matter, I dont care, I dont mind 等结构(以及类似结构)后的名词性从句也通常用一般现在时表将来意义:
It doesnt matter where we go on holiday. 我们去哪儿度假都行。
Does it matter who goes first? 谁先去这有关系吗?
I dont care whether we win or lose. 我不在乎我们是赢还是输。
Dont you care what happens to them? 难道你不关心他们出什么事了?
四、可用两种时态的情况
在I hope , I bet, see (to it) 等后的宾语从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来意义,但有时也可直接用将来时态:
I hope that you like [will like] it. 你希望你会喜欢它。
I bet it rains [will rain] tomorrow. 我打赌明天会下雨。
See (to it) that children dont catch cold. 当心别让孩子感冒。
Ill see that nobody disturbs [will disturb] you. 我将确保没人打扰你。
【注】see (to it) 后的that从句通常用一般现在时表将来,直接用将来的情形较少见。
五、用于比较状语从句
在as, than 引出的比较状语从句中可用一般现在时表示将来,也可直接用将来时态:
Well get there as soon as you do [will]. 你一到,我们就到。
Well probably drive faster than you do [will]. 我们开车很可能比你快。
六、表示计划或安排
表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作:
Are you on duty next weekend? 下周末你上班吗?
The train leaves at 12:00. 火车12点开出。
Where do we go now? 我们现在到哪里去?
【注】用于此用法时,句中通常有具体的时间状语。
七、by the time
当主句为将来时态时,与之相关的by the time后接的从句要用一般现在时表示将来意义:
By the time he comes, I will have left. 等他到时,我会已离开了。
The film will have started by the time we get to the cinema.我们到电影院时电影会已经开始了。
八、表示现在将要宣布某事
I declare the meeting open. 我宣布会议开始。
We learn Lesson Ten today. 今天我们学习第10课。
九、表示客观性很强的将来
Today is Friday, so tomorrow is Saturday. 今天是星期五,所以明天是星期六。
My birthday is on a Sunday this year. 我今年的生日在星期天。
【注】有时说话者对某一将来事实非常肯定,也用一般现在时:
The future is bright. 前途是光明的。
Final victory is ours. 最后的胜利是我们的。
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