学会句子分析是提高阅读水平的关键之一。阅读理解文章难的原因之一在于句子结构的复杂。从近年ielts 考试的阅读理解文章上看,可以看出句子的两个特点:
句子较长,大多数句子都在20 个词以上,很多句子超过50 个词。
句子结构复杂,结构复杂的简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句、多重复合句、被动句、倒装句、插入语等句型使用频繁,造成同学们理解上的困难,由于这些句型在ielts 阅读的文章中比较普遍,因此考前熟悉它们非常必要。具体而言,按时间要求做完一套阅读题后,要从中挑一些又长有复杂的句子加以分析,学会抓主干。这样,阅读速度和标准率就会提高。
句子结构分析的关键之一是抓主干。对于复合句,抓主句;对于主句或比较复杂的简单主语和谓语。抓主干,抓主句的主要意思,而对修饰成分先不特别注意,这是提高阅读速度的一个重要方法。
一会儿大家会看到一些较难的句子,及其结构分析,中文译文,还有一些句子的主干部分及其中文译文。同学们应认真阅读这部分。相信对提高阅读水平会有帮助的。
大家在看这些句子的中文译文的时候会发现这些译文并没有用标准的书面语言,而是按照英文的结构来翻译的。因此有些翻译会显得生硬,但它与英文原文结构是一样的,这样是为了更有助于同学们理解英文原句的句子结构。
一.结构复杂的简单句
如果句子只包含一个主谓结构,而句子各个成分都只由单词或短语表示,它就是简单句。
有的简单句并不简单,也很长,复杂的简单句包括:
分词及分词短语做定语、状语
动名词及动名词短语做主语、表语、宾语
不定式及不定式短语做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语
形容词短语做后置定语
1.to resolve a dispute means to turn opposing positions into single outcome
中文译文:解决一个冲突意味着把相反的各方变成一个单一的结果。
结构分析:不定式短语to resolve a dispute 做主语,谓语是means,不定式短语to turn opposing a positions into a single outcome 做宾语,其中分词opposing 是positions 的定语。
2. reconciling such interests is not easy
中文译文:调和这种利益是不容易的。
结构分析:动名词短语reconciling such interests 做主语。动名词短语做主语,谓语一般用单数。
3. it involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions,and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed
中文译文:它涉及到探究深层次的关注,想出有创造性的解决方案,以及当利益矛盾时,做出交易和妥协。
结构分析:这是一个简单句。主语是it,谓语是involves,三个动名词短语做宾语。在阅读中经常出现a and b或a or b的形式,其中a 与b 同义或近义,所以只要认识其中一个词就能猜测出另一个词的大致意思。例如:trade-off and compromises。
4. the most common procedure for doing this is negotiation,the act of communication intended to reach agreement
中文译文:做这件事最常用的方法是谈判,一种想要达成一致的交流的行为。
结构分析:过去分词短语intended to reach agreement 是the act of communication 的后置定语,the act of communication intended to reach agreement 是的同位语,对negotiation 进行解释。
5. in other words,seeing large pupils gives rise to larger pupils
中文译文:换句话说,看大的瞳孔会引起更大的瞳孔。
结构分析:动名词短语做seeing large pupils 主语。
6 . yet , a father accepting responsibility for behavior problems is linked with positive outcomes
中文译文:一个为行为问题负责的父亲是和正面的结果相联系的。
结构分析:accepting responsibility for behavior problems 是现在分词短语做father 的后置定语
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