每每批阅学生作文,都会被各种代词若非偷梁换柱即乱舞春秋的问题弄得晕头转向,一篇贯穿着代词错误的文章往往让人感觉迷雾重重,不知所云,若想拨云见日不是一件易事。
作为英语中衔接的一种重要形式,代词的使用值得引起重视和加以深思。
先来看两个学生作文当中出现的句子:
Medical care and education are cornerstones of the society, because it is needed by both youngsters and adults.
Doctors are not able to control themselvesprofitable activities.
请注意上面两句话中标记出来的代词,它们的使用均存在问题,具体是什么问题,我们将在下文中得以解答。
既然中国学生在英语的代词使用上是普遍存在错误的,在谈论错误分类之前,我们先来欣赏一下native speaker的文字中,代词使用的典范。
例文:
It is rather hard work: there is now no smooth road into the future: but we go round, or scramble over the obstacles. Weve got to live, no matter how many skies have fallen.
This was more or less Constance Chatterleys position. The war had brought the roof down over her head. And she had realized that one must live and learn.
D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterleys Lover
翻译:这是一种颇为艰难的工作。现在没有一条通向未来的康庄大道,但是我们却迂回前进,或攀援障碍而过。不管天翻地覆,我们都得生活。
这大概就是康士丹斯查太莱夫人的处境了。她曾亲尝世界大战的灾难,因此她了解了一个人必要生活,必要求知。
以上的一段文字来自于劳伦斯的《查特莱夫人的情人》,被标注的地方仅仅是这段文字当中几个代词使用的范例。当然,这是fiction,和我们雅思要求的议论文写作有很大的出入。那么在雅思的写作当中,我们也不难从考官范文当中,找到代词使用的模范。
Nowadays many adults have full-time jobs and the proportion of their lives spent doing such jobs is very high. So feeling about ones job must reflect how an individual feels about his or her life as a whole, and because of this, job satisfaction is indeed very important for the wellbeing of that person.
《剑桥7》Test 3 Task 2
以上都是代词运用得当的例子,但是在学生的作文当中,却很难找出代词运用得精准的典范,对于代词把握的失当和错误是中国学生的群体性错误,当然这也关系到了中英两种语言使用习惯上的不同,很多英语代词使用的问题其实是母语负迁移带来的影响。经过研究和训练,是可以得以调控和解决的。
考虑到代词在语法和语篇功能上的种种作用,我们有必要把中国学生常犯的代词错误做一个分类汇总,当然在这里我仅仅举出最主要和常见的代词错误,至于更高级形式的代词错误暂时不在我们雅思写作的讨论范围之内。
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