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小升初语法必备 分词的语态

发布时间:2013-07-22  编辑:查字典英语网小编

 

  【小编寄语】今天查字典英语网小编教给同学们的是小升初语法必备 分词的语态,一起来学习下吧!祝同学们学习进步!

  1)分词分为现在分词和过去分词,其否定形式为not + 分词。现在分词有一般式和完成式。一般式用来指和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为;完成式(having + 过去分词)用来指在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如:

  Being a student, he was interested in books.

  Having studied in university for 3 years, he knows the way very well.

  2)现在分词有一般式和完成式,且有主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时,分词用被动语态;如果强调分词的动作先于谓语的动作,就用分词完成式的被动形式。如:

  The question being discussed is important.

  Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.

  2.分词的用法

  1)作定语

  分词短语作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之后;单个分词作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之前。如:

  The man standing by the windows is our teacher.

  The excited people rushed into the building.

  ①现在分词作定语

  A.现在分词作定前置时静感强,而后置的现在分词动感强。如:

  The working people are the wisest.

  The farmers working here are very busy.

  能前置的现在分词为数不太多,常见的大都是已被形容词化了的现在分词,前常有程度副词,有些现在分词甚至还有比较等级。如:

  I have brought very exciting news to you.

  This is the most exciting story that I have ever read.

  B.有些现在分词作定语时表示正在发生的动作,这些现在分词若改为定语从句宜用进行时态。如:

  Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise ?

  Did you tell the children who were playing there not to make any noise ?

  The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.

  The American president who is visiting China now will return on Saturday.

  C从形式来看,前置现在分词多为单个分词,而后置现在分词多为短语。但也不能绝对如此,要视情况而定。要是强调动感,即使是单个分词也应后置。如:

  Look! The girl singing is Alice and one dancing is Mary.

  从内容来讲,前置现在分词多为不及物动词,一般没有自己的宾语或状语。后置现在分词可带宾语状语。如:

  Barking dogs seldom bite.

  The person translating the songs can speak seven languages.

  注意:现在分词的完成式与被动式一般都不能用作前置定语,而用作后置定语。

  We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.

  ②过去分词作定语

  过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示增添的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。如:

  This is a book written by a famous Chinese writer.

  He is a man loved by all.

  如果指的动作现在正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,可用现在分词的被动形式作定语。如:

  We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.

  如果指的是一个未来动作,可用不定式的被动形式作定语。如:

  You are invited to a party to be given at our institute at 6: 00 next Sunday evening.

  2)作状语

  分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。如:

  Being a student, I must study hard. (原因)

  While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. (时间)

  The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. (方式)

  分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果分词与句子的主语是主动关系,用doing表示与谓语动词同时发生或进行的动作,用having done表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作。如果分词与句子的主语是被动关系,则用done强调在谓语动词之前发生的动作,也可用having been done.

  表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引出。

  有时“with(without) + 名词(或代词宾语) + 分词的结构,表示伴随状况。如:

  He lay half dead, with all his ribs broken.

  当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时,分词前必须加上自己的主语,此结构被称为独立主格结构。如:

  Time permitting, I will finish another lesson.

  3)作表语。如:

  The news is inspiring.

  The glass is broken.

  4)作宾语补足语。如:

  We saw the teacher making the experiment.

  注意:在see,hear,watch,fell,observe,have,notice等动词后,既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语,也可以用不定式构成复合宾语,但两者的含义是有区别的,用现在分词,表示动作正在发生(即处于发生的过程中,还没有结束),用不定式表示动作发生了(即动作全过程结束了)。如:

  I saw the girl getting on the bus.

  I saw the girl get into the car and drive off.

  注意:“have + 宾语 + 现在分词表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事;“have + 宾语 + 过去分词表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。如:

  He had his clothes washed. (他叫别人洗了衣服。)

  We had the fire burning all day. (我们使火燃烧了一整天。)

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