【小编寄语】今天查字典英语网小编教给同学们的是小升初语法必备 分词的语态,一起来学习下吧!祝同学们学习进步!
1)分词分为现在分词和过去分词,其否定形式为not + 分词。现在分词有一般式和完成式。一般式用来指和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为;完成式(having + 过去分词)用来指在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如:
Being a student, he was interested in books.
Having studied in university for 3 years, he knows the way very well.
2)现在分词有一般式和完成式,且有主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时,分词用被动语态;如果强调分词的动作先于谓语的动作,就用分词完成式的被动形式。如:
The question being discussed is important.
Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.
2.分词的用法
1)作定语
分词短语作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之后;单个分词作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之前。如:
The man standing by the windows is our teacher.
The excited people rushed into the building.
①现在分词作定语
A.现在分词作定前置时静感强,而后置的现在分词动感强。如:
The working people are the wisest.
The farmers working here are very busy.
能前置的现在分词为数不太多,常见的大都是已被形容词化了的现在分词,前常有程度副词,有些现在分词甚至还有比较等级。如:
I have brought very exciting news to you.
This is the most exciting story that I have ever read.
B.有些现在分词作定语时表示正在发生的动作,这些现在分词若改为定语从句宜用进行时态。如:
Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise ?
Did you tell the children who were playing there not to make any noise ?
The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.
The American president who is visiting China now will return on Saturday.
C从形式来看,前置现在分词多为单个分词,而后置现在分词多为短语。但也不能绝对如此,要视情况而定。要是强调动感,即使是单个分词也应后置。如:
Look! The girl singing is Alice and one dancing is Mary.
从内容来讲,前置现在分词多为不及物动词,一般没有自己的宾语或状语。后置现在分词可带宾语状语。如:
Barking dogs seldom bite.
The person translating the songs can speak seven languages.
注意:现在分词的完成式与被动式一般都不能用作前置定语,而用作后置定语。
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
②过去分词作定语
过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示增添的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。如:
This is a book written by a famous Chinese writer.
He is a man loved by all.
如果指的动作现在正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,可用现在分词的被动形式作定语。如:
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
如果指的是一个未来动作,可用不定式的被动形式作定语。如:
You are invited to a party to be given at our institute at 6: 00 next Sunday evening.
2)作状语
分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。如:
Being a student, I must study hard. (原因)
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. (时间)
The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. (方式)
分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果分词与句子的主语是主动关系,用doing表示与谓语动词同时发生或进行的动作,用having done表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作。如果分词与句子的主语是被动关系,则用done强调在谓语动词之前发生的动作,也可用having been done.
表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引出。
有时“with(without) + 名词(或代词宾语) + 分词的结构,表示伴随状况。如:
He lay half dead, with all his ribs broken.
当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时,分词前必须加上自己的主语,此结构被称为独立主格结构。如:
Time permitting, I will finish another lesson.
3)作表语。如:
The news is inspiring.
The glass is broken.
4)作宾语补足语。如:
We saw the teacher making the experiment.
注意:在see,hear,watch,fell,observe,have,notice等动词后,既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语,也可以用不定式构成复合宾语,但两者的含义是有区别的,用现在分词,表示动作正在发生(即处于发生的过程中,还没有结束),用不定式表示动作发生了(即动作全过程结束了)。如:
I saw the girl getting on the bus.
I saw the girl get into the car and drive off.
注意:“have + 宾语 + 现在分词表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事;“have + 宾语 + 过去分词表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。如:
He had his clothes washed. (他叫别人洗了衣服。)
We had the fire burning all day. (我们使火燃烧了一整天。)
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