计算机翻译会取代人工翻译吗?

Put crottin de chèvre into Google Translate, and you'll be told it means goat dung.

在谷歌翻译中输入crottin de chevre，它会告诉你这个表达的意思是羊粪。

So if it appeared on a menu, you might pass. Alas, you would be ruling out a delicious cheese made of goat's milk that is often served as a starter in France.

所以如果这个词出现在菜单上，你可能会直接忽略。可惜的是，你也许会因此错过一道美食。在法国，这个词指的是用山羊奶做的美味奶酪，经常被当作开胃菜。

Such misunderstandings are why Google admits that its free tool, used by about 500 million people, is not intended to replace human translators.

正是由于有这样的误译，谷歌承认这个大约有5亿人使用的免费工具并不打算取代人工翻译。

Tourists might accept a few misunderstandings because the technology is cheap and convenient. But when the stakes are higher, perhaps in business, law or medicine, these services often fall short.

游客可能会接受一些误译，因为这种技术廉价又便捷。但在商业、法律或医学等领域，当风险加大时，这些翻译服务往往达不到要求。

"Using Google Translate can lead to some serious errors, especially when words have multiple meanings, which is often the case in fields such as law or engineering," says Samantha Langley, a former lawyer who is now a court-approved French-to-English legal translator based in Meribel, France.

“使用谷歌翻译可能会导致一些严重的错误，尤其是当单词有多种含义时，法律或工程等领域常有这种情况，”在法国梅里贝尔工作的萨曼莎·兰利说。她曾是一名律师，现在是法院认可的法语-英语法律翻译。

That is not to say professional translators do not use computer assisted translation (CAT) tools. More sophisticated applications can help them take the donkey work out of repetitive translations.

这并不是说专业的翻译人员不使用计算机辅助翻译工具。一些更复杂的应用程序可以帮助他们从重复单调的翻译工作中解脱出来。

CATs are even used as part of modern language degree courses these days. So how good are they?

如今，现代语言学位课程甚至也在教授计算机辅助翻译工具的使用。那么它们的效果到底如何？

One of the most popular new tools is the so-called translation earpiece. Usually paired with a smartphone app, they pick up spoken foreign languages and translate them for the user.

其中一个最普遍使用的新工具就是是所谓的翻译耳机，通常通过智能手机应用程序操作。耳机会将听到的外语给用户翻译出来。

"It has taken decades of research to create a framework of algorithms designed to recognise patterns in the same way as the human brain - a neural network," says Andrew Ochoa, chief executive of US start-up Waverly Labs, which produces translation earpieces.

生产翻译耳机的美国初创企业韦弗利实验室的首席执行官安德鲁·奥乔亚说：“我们花了数十年的时间来研究，以创建一个算法框架，该框架旨在以与人类大脑（神经网络）相同的方式来识别模式。”

"Combining that with speech recognition technology has allowed us to make a huge leap forward in terms of accuracy."

“我们将其与语音识别技术相结合，大幅提升了准确性。”

There's no doubt that CAT tools have taken some of the hard grind out of text translations like instruction manuals or questionnaires, says Milan-based Paola Grassi, a professional translator for Wordbank, a global marketing and translation agency.

在米兰工作的保拉·格拉西是全球营销和翻译机构词汇库的专业翻译。她说，毫无疑问，计算机辅助翻译工具已经接手了一些文本翻译的繁琐工作，比如说明书或调查问卷的翻译。

"Survey contents are among the most repetitive ones and a good CAT tool can hugely speed up the process," she says.

“调查内容是最重复的内容之一，好的计算机辅助翻译工具可以极大地加快翻译过程，”她说。

For meetings and conferences, wearable translators like Waverly's are undoubtedly popular. But even this new generation tech, which combines speech recognition neural networks and internet-based translation engines, has limitations.

对于会议来说，像韦弗利实验室产品这样的可穿戴式翻译器无疑是很受欢迎的。但是，即使是这种结合了语音识别神经网络和基于互联网的翻译引擎的新一代技术，也有局限性。

Users must wait at least a few seconds for a phrase to be translated, or more if the internet connection is poor.

用户必须等待至少几秒钟才能翻译出一个短语，如果网络连接不好，时间会更久。

And computers still lack the subtlety of human communication.

此外，计算机仍然难以翻译出人类交流的微妙之处。

"Translation technology is undoubtedly a useful tool for certain content such as manuals," says Zoey Cooper, brand and content director at Wordbank.

词汇库的品牌和内容主管佐伊·库珀说：“翻译技术无疑是处理说明书等内容的有用工具。”

"But if you want to create a relationship with the reader, you need a human translator to make it sound natural and capture the sentiment, which often involves restructuring a sentence completely."

“但是，如果你想和读者建立联系，你需要人工翻译，让译文听起来更自然，引起共鸣，这通常涉及到重新组织语句。”

"I believe CAT tools hinder creativity," says Antonio Navarro Gosálvez, an English-to-Spanish translator based in Alicante, Spain.

“我认为计算机辅助翻译工具会阻碍创造力，”安东尼奥·纳瓦罗·戈萨韦兹说，他是西班牙阿利坎特的一名英语-西语翻译。

"If the tool shows you a partial translation match, I find it's actually harder to discard part of the sentence and rebuild it than to just create something from scratch."

“如果这个工具译出了一部分语句，我发现舍弃部分语句并重新组织语言实际上比从头开始翻译要困难得多。”

Mr Ochoa thinks this problem could be resolved within the next 10 years.

奥乔亚认为，这个问题可以在未来10年内得到解决。

"When it comes to expressing emotion and intonation, we need sentiment analysis, which is not there yet but may well be in ten years time," he says.

他说：“在表达情感和语调时，我们需要情感分析，虽然目前还无法做到，但十年内很可能会实现。”

Foreign language skills are still in demand in the labour market.

劳动力市场仍然需要外语技能。

In the UK about 15% of the jobs posted on recruitment website Reed ask for a foreign language.

在英国，招聘网站Reed上约15%的职位要求懂一门外语。

New research from the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages shows 75% of manufacturing companies need employees with diverse language skills.

美国外语教学委员会的最新研究显示，75%的制造企业需要懂得多种语言的员工。

Yet languages have fallen out of favour in UK schools.

然而，语言在英国学校已失宠。

Recent BBC analysis revealed drops of up to 50% in foreign language learning in secondary schools since 2013.

英国广播公司的最新分析显示，自2013年以来，中学的外语学习课程减少了50%。

The UK's Department for Education is taking measures to halt the decline.

英国教育部正在采取措施遏制这一趋势。

"We are committed to ensuring more pupils are studying languages, which is why it is now compulsory in the national curriculum for all children between Years 3 and 9," it said.

英国教育部称：“我们致力于确保更多的学生学习语言，因此按照课程要求，现在三年级至九年级的学生都必须学习语言。”

For Ms Cooper at least, speaking a foreign tongue remains a precious skill.

至少对库珀来说，懂一门外语仍然是一项宝贵的技能。

"There are still lots of opportunities for language graduates, both in specialist translation and global marketing," she said.

她说：“语言专业的毕业生仍有很多机会，无论是在专业翻译还是全球营销方面。”

And even if you don't use your language professionally, it has other benefits.

即使你在专业工作中用不到，也有其他好处。

"How can you get to know a country and embrace the culture if you don't speak the language?" says Ms Cooper.

库伯说：“如果你不会说一个国家的语言，你怎么能了解这个国家、接受这个国家的文化呢？”

"Even with the voice-activated apps available, you will still miss out."

“即使有声控的应用程序，你还是无法做到。”