美国全职妈妈所占的比例稳步上升

After decades of decline, the share of mothers who stay home with their children has steadily risen over the last several years, a new report has found.

一项新的报告发现，经过了几十年的下降之后，过去几年待在家中照顾孩子的妈妈所占的比例在稳步上升。

In 2017, 29% of all mothers with children under age 18 stayed at home, a figure that has steadily risen since 1999 when 23% of mothers were stay-at-home, the Pew Research Center reported Tuesday. The share of stay-at-home moms had been dropping since 1967, when about half of all moms stayed home.

Associated PressPew Research Center周二发布的这份报告显示，2017年，在家有18岁以下孩子的所有妈妈中，有29%的妈妈待在家中照顾孩子，这一比例较1999年的23%有稳步上升。在1967年，全职妈妈所占的比例大约为50%，此后该比例一直在下降。

Pew attributed the rise of stay-at-home mothers to a mix of demographic, economic and societal factors. The vast majority of married stay-at-home mothers, 85%, say they are doing so by choice in order to care for their families. That rate is much lower for single stay-at-home mothers, at 41%, and cohabitating mothers, at 64%.

Pew将全职妈妈占比上升归因于人口结构、经济和社会等多种因素。在已婚的全职妈妈中，称自己是为了照顾家庭而选择待在家中的全职妈妈占了绝大多数，比例为85%，而在单亲全职妈妈和同居的全职妈妈中，这一比例要低得多，分别为41%和64%。

The report also found a drop in women working because of the recession, a trend that has lingered as the economy recovers. Pew cited an increase in immigrant families, for whom it is more common to have a mother stay at home with her children, and an increase in the number of women who said they were disabled and unable to work.

该报告还发现经济衰退导致参加工作的女性减少，这一趋势在经济复苏期间仍在持续。Pew将这归因于移民家庭的增加，在这样的家庭中，妈妈留在家中照顾孩子更为普遍。Pew认为，这还因为自称有残疾和无法工作的女性在增加。

A companion public opinion survey by Pew, from 2013, found that mothers are much more likely than fathers to have reduced work hours, take a significant amount of time off, quit a job or, by a small margin, turn down a promotion in order to care for a child or family member. Pew said 42% of mothers said they had reduced their work hours to care for a child or family member, versus 28% of fathers.

Pew在2013年同时进行的一项民意调查发现，和爸爸相比，妈妈减少工作时间、请长假以及离职的可能性要大得多，妈妈也比爸爸更有可能（尽管差距不是很大）为了照顾孩子或家庭成员而拒绝升职。Pew称，42%的妈妈说，她们为了照顾孩子或家庭成员而减少了工作时间，而这样做的爸爸只占28%。

A second Pew survey, taken this year, found most in the general public think that children are better off with a parent at home: 60% said children are better off with a parent at home, versus 35% who said kids are just as well off when parents work.

Pew在今年进行的第二项调查发现，公众大多认为父母有一方待在家中的孩子过得更好：持这一观点的公众占到了60%，但35%的公众认为父母都外出工作的孩子过得同样好。

The survey of 3,341 people was conducted in January and February. Groups most likely to say kids are better off with a parent at home include Hispanics, people with a high school degree or less and evangelical Christians, the report said.

这项针对3,341名受访者的调查是在1、2月份进行的。该报告称，最有可能认为父母有一方待在家中的孩子过得更好的群体包括西班牙裔、学历仅为高中或更低的人群以及福音派基督教徒。

The Pew analysis of trends for stay-at-home moms is based on an analysis of data from the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey. It defines stay-at-home mothers as those who say they are staying home in order to care for their children, as well as those who are not able to find work, are disabled or are enrolled in school.

Pew依据对美国人口普查局当期人口调查(Current Population Survey)的数据进行的分析来解析全职妈妈的趋势。Pew对全职妈妈的定义为自称是为了照顾孩子而待在家中以及找不到工作、残疾或在校就读的妈妈。

'This has important implications for the day to day lives of children,' said D'Vera Cohn, the report's author.

该报告的作者科恩(D'Vera Cohn)表示，全职妈妈的趋势对孩子的日常生活有重要意义。

The share of stay-at-home mothers is now higher than it was during the recession in 2008, when it reached 26%. About 6% of moms say they are home because they can't find a job, up from just 1% in 2000.

目前全职妈妈所占的比例已高于2008年经济衰退时的26%。约有6%的妈妈称，她们待在家里是因为找不到工作，而在2000年，这一比例只有1%。

The report didn't find lots more college-educated mothers dropping out of the workforce to spend time with their kids. In 2000, 20% of college-educated mothers were at home, compared to 2017 when it was 21%. Ms. Cohn said college-educated workers have done much better in the economy, helping to explain why they might stay in the workforce.

该报告发现为照顾孩子放弃工作的受过高等教育的妈妈并没有大幅增加。2000年，有20%的受过高等教育的妈妈待在家中，而2017年，该比例为21%。科恩表示，受过高等教育的职工更能适应经济形势，这也帮助解释了这些职工为何可能留在职场。

The report also looked at how stay-at-home versus working moms use their time. Those at home spend more time on housework (23 hours per week versus 14 for working mothers), child care (18 hours vs. 11), leisure (31 hours vs. 22) and sleep (63 hours vs. 58 for working mothers).

该报告还研究了全职妈妈和有工作的妈妈是如何利用时间的。全职妈妈在家务事、照顾孩子、休闲和睡眠上花的时间更多。全职妈妈每周在家务事上花的时间为23个小时，有工作的妈妈则为14个小时。全职妈妈和有工作的妈妈每周在照顾孩子上花的时间分别为18和11个小时，二者在休闲上的时间分别为31和22个小时，用于睡眠的时间分别为63和58个小时。